Chronological Age vs. Biological Maturation

Lloyd, Rhodri S.; Oliver, Jon L.; Faigenbaum, Avery D.; Myer, Gregory D.; Croix, Mark B. A. De Ste

doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000391

Cited by 257 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Based on chronological age, significant differences were identified between limbs ( p ≤ 0.05) in all age groups except for the under thirteens (U13s) and under seventeens (U17s) (the youngest and oldest groups, respectively), indicating that asymmetry increases during the period of peak height velocity (PHV) and the early stages of adolescence. This time-point corresponds with a stage of adolescent awkwardness, in which decrements in motor skill performance are often evident resulting from rapid gains in limb length [39, 59]. Further, elite male youth soccer players experience more traumatic injuries in the year of PHV [70], and total injury incidence is highest in this period [62, 65].…”

Section: Leg Dominancementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular Risk Factors for Knee and Ankle Ligament Injuries in Male Youth Soccer Players

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et al. 2016

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Injuries reported in male youth soccer players most commonly occur in the lower extremities, and include a high proportion of ligament sprains at the ankle and knee with a lower proportion of overuse injuries. There is currently a paucity of available literature that examines age- and sex-specific injury risk factors for such injuries within youth soccer players. Epidemiological data have reported movements that lead to non-contact ligament injury include running, twisting and turning, over-reaching and landing. Altered neuromuscular control during these actions has been suggested as a key mechanism in females and adult populations; however, data available in male soccer players is sparse. The focus of this article is to review the available literature and elucidate prevalent risk factors pertaining to male youth soccer players which may contribute to their relative risk of injury.

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Section: Leg Dominancementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuromuscular Risk Factors for Knee and Ankle Ligament Injuries in Male Youth Soccer Players

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et al. 2016

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“…With regard to studies investigating motor performance in adolescents, sexual and bone maturation are considered the evaluation methods most commonly used to check the maturational stage of individuals 7 . Moreover, it is noteworthy that bone maturation through the radiography of hands is the method of evaluation most appropriate to determine the level of biological maturation, by monitoring the ossification process 8 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between bone age, hormonal markers and physical capacity in adolescents

Pinto

Gantois

Dantas

et al. 2017

J. Hum. Growth Dev.

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Introduction: Physical capabilities are an important parameter of the functional development of adolescents, not only by chronological age but also by their maturational state, as individuals with the same chronological age can have different performance to their less mature counterparts. Objective: To compare and relate the physical capabilities and hormonal markers according to sex and maturity of adolescents. Method: The sample consisted of adolescents of both sexes, aged 10 to 14 years. We evaluated the maturity achieved by a predictive equation of skeletal age, physical capabilities (explosive power of upper and lower limbs, velocity of upper limbs and agility) and hormonal markers (testosterone and oestradiol) via chemiluminescence. Results: Females showed more advanced maturational status, higher weight, body height and oestradiol levels; males performed better in the explosive force of upper and lower limbs, upper limb speed, agility and testosterone levels. In the normal maturational state males showed greater skeletal age, body weight, body height, explosive strength of upper and lower limbs, and testosterone levels; the females in the normal maturational state had higher skeletal age, body weight, body height, explosive upper limb strength and oestradiol levels. In the male correlation analysis, bone age was related to the explosive strength of upper and lower limbs and testosterone; while bone age in females was related to explosive upper limb strength and oestradiol. Conclusion: It is concluded that maturation, testosterone and oestradiol levels play an important role in the physical aspects and performance of motor skills of adolescents, especially in upper limb force which was more related to the maturation obtained by skeletal age of males and females.

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“…Physiological considerations regarding the effect of training programmes are crucial amongst young players due to their lack of full maturation, and physiological adaptations to training differ from those of adult players. Indeed, it has been reported that the age between 12 and 15 is a crucial period of physical development, where growth hormone and muscle mass increase significantly [5]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specific physical trainability in elite young soccer players: efficiency over 6 weeks’ in-season training

Chtara

Rouissi

Haddad

et al. 2017

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The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of 3 training protocols (plyometric [PLYO], agility [AG], or repeated shuttle sprints [RS]) on physical performance in the same population of young soccer players. Forty-two youth-level male players (13.6±0.3-years; 1.65±0.07 m; 54.1±6.5 kg; body fat: 12.8±2.6%) participated in a short-term (6-week) randomized parallel fully controlled training study (pre-to-post measurements): PLYO group, n=10; AG group, n=10; RS group, n=12; and control group [CON] n=10. PLYO training = 9 lower limb exercises (2-3 sets of 8-12 repetitions). The AG group performed planned AG drills and direction changes. RS training consisted of 2-4 sets of 5-6x 20 to 30 m shuttle sprints (20 seconds recovery in between). Progressive overload principles were incorporated into the programme by increasing the number of foot contacts and varying the complexity of the exercises. Pre/post-training tests were: bilateral standing horizontal jump, and unilateral horizontal jumps, sprint (30 m with 10 m lap time), agility (20 m zigzag), and repeated sprint ability (RSA) (i.e. 6x30 m shuttle sprints: 2x15 m with 180° turns). Significant main effects for time (i.e. training application) and group (training type) were detected. Improvements in horizontal jumping were higher (p<0.01: ES=large) in PLYO. The RS group improved significantly more (p<0.01; ES=large) than other groups: 30 m sprint, RSAbest and RSAmean performances. Significantly greater increases in 20 m zigzag performance were observed following AG and RS training (4.0 and 3.8%, respectively) compared with PLYO (2.0%) and CON training (0.8%). No significant differences were reported in the RSAdec between groups. Elite young male soccer players’ physical performances can be significantly and specifically improved either using PLYO or AG or RSA training over short-term in-season training.

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Chronological Age vs. Biological Maturation

Cited by 257 publications

References 37 publications

Neuromuscular Risk Factors for Knee and Ankle Ligament Injuries in Male Youth Soccer Players

Neuromuscular Risk Factors for Knee and Ankle Ligament Injuries in Male Youth Soccer Players

Relationship between bone age, hormonal markers and physical capacity in adolescents

Specific physical trainability in elite young soccer players: efficiency over 6 weeks’ in-season training

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