Chymosin: A short review on foetal and neonatal gastric proteases

Foltmann, Bent

doi:10.1080/00365519209104656

Cited by 49 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…We consistently found numerous cases of ongoing pseudogenization in gastric species (electronic supplementary material S6). For example, CYM is inactive in humans [39] as a possible consequence of the lower level of proteins in human milk [33], although it is suggested to be essential for neonatal milk digestion in mammals [55]. Pga and Pgf in the opossum, Pga and Pgb in the mouse, Pgc in tilapia, and a copy of Pgb in anolis are also undergoing processes of pseudogenization [38] (this study; electronic supplementary material S6).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrent gene loss correlates with the evolution of stomach phenotypes in gnathostome history

Castro

Gonçalves

Mazan³

et al. 2014

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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The stomach, a hallmark of gnathostome evolution, represents a unique anatomical innovation characterized by the presence of acid-and pepsinsecreting glands. However, the occurrence of these glands in gnathostome species is not universal; in the nineteenth century the French zoologist Cuvier first noted that some teleosts lacked a stomach. Strikingly, Holocephali (chimaeras), dipnoids (lungfish) and monotremes (egg-laying mammals) also lack acid secretion and a gastric cellular phenotype. Here, we test the hypothesis that loss of the gastric phenotype is correlated with the loss of key gastric genes. We investigated species from all the main gnathostome lineages and show the specific contribution of gene loss to the widespread distribution of the agastric condition. We establish that the stomach loss correlates with the persistent and complete absence of the gastric function gene kit-ATPase (Atp4A and Atp4B) and pepsinogens (Pga, Pgc, Cym)-in the analysed species. We also find that in gastric species the pepsinogen gene complement varies significantly (e.g. two to four in teleosts and tens in some mammals) with multiple events of pseudogenization identified in various lineages. We propose that relaxation of purifying selection in pepsinogen genes and possibly proton pump genes in response to dietary changes led to the numerous independent events of stomach loss in gnathostome history. Significantly, the absence of the gastric genes predicts that reinvention of the stomach in agastric lineages would be highly improbable, in line with Dollo's principle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recurrent gene loss correlates with the evolution of stomach phenotypes in gnathostome history

Castro

Gonçalves

Mazan³

et al. 2014

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…However, there is no direct evidence for a physiological role of chy mosin and it remains to be explained why chymosin-like enzymes are present in most mammalian species but not in primates (in cluding man). Comparative aspects of struc ture and function of the neonatal gastric pro teases have recently been reviewed [27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adrenocortical Stimulation of Stomach Development in the Prenatal Pig

Sangild¹,

Silver²,

Fowden³

et al. 1994

Neonatology

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Development of the porcine gastric proteases (chymosin, pepsin A, B and C) has been studied in the fetal pig in the last third of gestation (term 115 days). The possibility that the prepartum rise in circulating cortisol is involved in gastric maturation was investigated by infusing immature fetuses with cortisol (osmotic minipumps implanted at 82-90 days of gestation). Concentrations of prochymosin in fundic tissue and stomach contents increased before term, correlated positively with logio plasma cortisol values (r = 0.68-0.76, p < 0.001), and were stimulated by cortisol infusion (p < 0.001). The pH of stomach contents decreased (from pH 7 to 3), correlated negatively with logio plasma cortisol values (r = -0.69, p < 0.001), and was reduced by cortisol infusion (p < 0.05). Only trace amounts of pepsinogens could be detected in fetal pigs. By immunohistochemistry, it was shown that cortisol increased the number and distribution of prochymosin-containing cells in the fundic gland. Stimulating effects were also observed for the small populations of pepsinogen-reactive cells present in some of the fetal pigs. The results suggest that endogenous cortisol stimulates the rise in prochymosin synthesis and secretion together with increased gastric acidity in the prenatal period of the pig.

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“…The gastric lesions were associated with the formation of a semi-solid curd, although this cannot be established as the cause of the lesions. Piglets display higher capacity to coagulate casein, relative to infants due to their high chymosin activity (9). This, together with impaired stomach acid secretion allowing significant bacterial growth, may explain why gastric lesions are relatively common in preterm pigs.…”

Section: R9 Human Milk Bovine Colostrum and Necrotizing Enterocolitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Similar efficacy of human banked milk and bovine colostrum to decrease incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm piglets

Jensen

Sangild

Lykke

et al. 2013

American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comp

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BB, Thymann T. Similar efficacy of human banked milk and bovine colostrum to decrease incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm piglets. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 305: R4 -R12, 2013. First published May 8, 2013 doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00094.2013.-Preterm birth and formula feeding predispose to necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in infants. As mother's milk is often absent following preterm delivery, infant formula (IF) and human donor milk (HM) are frequently used as alternatives. We have previously shown that porcine and bovine colostrum (BC) provide similar NEC protection in preterm piglets relative to IF. We hypothesized that HM exerts similar effects and that this effect is partly species-independent. Preterm piglets (n ϭ 40) received 2 days of total parenteral nutrition, followed by a rapid transition to full enteral feeding (15 ml·kg Ϫ1 ·2 h Ϫ1 ) for 2 days using BC (n ϭ 13), HM (n ϭ 13), or IF (n ϭ 14). Intestinal passage time and hexose absorption were tested in vivo. Body and organ weights were recorded on day 5, and macroscopic NEC lesions in the gastrointestinal tract were assessed. Intestinal samples were collected for determination of histomorphology, histopathology, tissue IL-6 and IL-8, organic acids, bacterial adherence by fluorescence in situ hybridization score, and digestive enzyme activities. Relative to IF, pigs from BC and HM showed longer intestinal passage time; higher weight gain, hexose absorptive capacity, mucosal proportion, and enzyme activities; lower NEC incidence, organic acid concentration, and IL-8 concentration; and reduced histopathology lesions. Tissue IL-6 concentration and bacterial adherence score were lower for HM, relative to both BC and IF groups. We conclude that BC and HM are both superior to IF in stimulating gut structure, function, and NEC resistance in preterm piglets.

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Chymosin: A short review on foetal and neonatal gastric proteases

Cited by 49 publications

References 41 publications

Recurrent gene loss correlates with the evolution of stomach phenotypes in gnathostome history

Recurrent gene loss correlates with the evolution of stomach phenotypes in gnathostome history

Adrenocortical Stimulation of Stomach Development in the Prenatal Pig

Similar efficacy of human banked milk and bovine colostrum to decrease incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm piglets

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