Cigarette Smoke Cadmium Breakthrough From Traditional Filters: Implications for Exposure

Pappas, R. Steven; Fresquez, Mark R.; Watson, Clifford H.

doi:10.1093/jat/bku115

Cited by 33 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…We have previously reported the use of a trap made from platinum gauze for trapping cadmium breakthrough with traditional CFPs in a commercial smoking machine (29). Though the cadmium trap design did not work as well for mercury it led to the development of an alternate design optimized for trapping mercury in mainstream smoke when placed in tandem with a CFP.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Throughput Determination of Mercury in Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke from Little Cigars

et al. 2015

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A method was developed that utilizes a platinum trap for mercury from mainstream tobacco smoke which represents an improvement over traditional approaches that require impingers and long sample preparation procedures. In this approach, the trapped mercury is directly released for analysis by heating the trap in a direct mercury analyzer. The method was applied to the analysis of mercury in the mainstream smoke of little cigars. The mercury levels in little cigar smoke obtained under Health Canada Intense smoking machine conditions ranged from 7.1 × 10−3 mg/m3 to 1.2 × 10−2 mg/m3. These air mercury levels exceed the chronic inhalation Minimal Risk Level corrected for intermittent exposure to metallic mercury (e.g., 1 or 2 hours per day, 5 days per week) determined by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Multivariate statistical analysis was used to assess associations between mercury levels and little cigar physical design properties. Filter ventilation was identified as the principal physical parameter influencing mercury concentrations in mainstream little cigar smoke generated under ISO machine smoking conditions. With filter ventilation blocked under Health Canada Intense smoking conditions, mercury concentrations in tobacco and puff number (smoke volume) were the primary physical parameters that influenced mainstream smoke mercury concentrations.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Throughput Determination of Mercury in Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke from Little Cigars

et al. 2015

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“…Metal transfer rates from tobacco to tobacco smoke are influenced by the volatility of the metal and cigarette design [ 2 , 27 , 28 ]. Though present at lower concentrations in tobacco than some other metals [ 24 ], cadmium readily transfers to mainstream smoke in concentrations higher than most other metals due to the volatility of the transported form [ 2 , 27 ].…”

Section: Origin Of Toxic Metals In Tobacco and Transfer Of Metals mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lungs are one of the two principle target organs for toxicity effects resulting from inhalation exposure to cadmium [ 11 ]. Elemental cadmium is efficiently transferred to mainstream smoke from tobacco [ 2 , 28 , 33 ]. Consequently, it is expected that cadmium concentrations in cell-free bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid would be substantially higher for active smokers than nonsmokers without inhalation exposure to cadmium.…”

Section: Pulmonary Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities

Richter

Faroon

Pappas

2017

IJERPH

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152

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Metals are one of five major categories of carcinogenic or toxic constituents in tobacco and tobacco smoke. Cadmium is highly volatile and a higher percentage of the total tobacco cadmium content is efficiently transferred to mainstream tobacco smoke than many other toxic metals in tobacco. Inhaled cadmium bioaccumulates in the lungs and is distributed beyond the lungs to other tissues, with a total body biological half-life of one to two decades. Chronic cadmium exposure through tobacco use elevates blood and urine cadmium concentrations. Cadmium is a carcinogen, and an inducer of proinflammatory immune responses. Elevated exposure to cadmium is associated with reduced pulmonary function, obstructive lung disease, bronchogenic carcinoma, cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, peripheral arterial disease, prostate cancer, cervical cancer, pancreatic cancer, and various oral pathologies. Cadmium and zinc have a toxicologically inverse relationship. Zinc is an essential element and is reportedly antagonistic to some manifestations of cadmium toxicity. This review summarizes associations between blood, urine, and tissue cadmium concentrations with emphasis on cadmium exposure due to tobacco use and several disease states. Available data about zinc and cadmium/zinc ratios and tobacco-related diseases is summarized from studies reporting smoking status. Collectively, data suggest that blood, urine, and tissue cadmium and cadmium/zinc ratios are often significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers and they are also different in smokers for several diseases and cancers. Additional biomonitoring data such as blood or serum and urine zinc and cadmium levels and cadmium/zinc ratios in smokers may provide further insight into the development and progression of diseases of the lung, cardiovascular system, and possibly other organs.

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“…We have previously used highly sensitive electrothermal vaporization (ETV)-ICP-MS with isotope dilution for the determination of ultrafine cadmium particle breakthrough from standard 0.1 μm glass fiber filters. 20 A temperature program may be utilized with the ETV to separate the metal analytes from cigarette total particulate matter (TPM) matrix that is predominantly organic in nature. A reactive gas mixture (CCl 4 –saturated argon) is used in the ETV to convert the metals from nonvolatile forms, such as oxides, to a more volatile form.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrothermal Vaporization-QQQ-ICP-MS for Determination of Chromium in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Particulate

Fresquez

Gonzalez-Jimenez

Gray

et al. 2017

Journal of Analytical Toxicology

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Chromium is transported in mainstream tobacco smoke at very low concentrations. However, when chromium is deposited too deeply in the lungs for mucociliary clearance, or is in a particle that is too large to pass directly through tissues, it bioaccumulates in the lungs of smokers. It is important to determine the concentrations of chromium that are transported in mainstream smoke. Several reliable studies have resulted in reports of chromium concentrations in smoke particulate that were below limits of detection for the instruments and methods employed. In this study, electrothermal vaporization-triple quad-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV-QQQ-ICP-MS) was chosen for determination of chromium concentrations in mainstream smoke because of the high sensitivity of ETV combined with QQQ-ICP-MS. The smoke from five reference, quality control, and commercial cigarettes was analyzed using ETV-QQQ-ICP-MS with isotope dilution for quantitative determination of chromium. The method limit of detection (LOD) was sufficiently low that chromium concentrations in mainstream smoke could indeed be determined. The chromium concentrations in the smoke particulate were between 0.60 and 1.03 ng/cigarette. The range of chromium concentrations was at or below previously reported LODs. Determination of the oxidation state of the chromium transported in mainstream smoke would also be important, in consideration of the fact that both chromium(III) and chromium(VI) oxidation states cause inhalation toxicity, but chromium(VI) is also a carcinogen. It was possible to separate the oxidation states using ETV-QQQ-ICP-MS. However, determination of individual species at the levels found in mainstream smoke particulate matter was not possible with the present method.

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Cigarette Smoke Cadmium Breakthrough From Traditional Filters: Implications for Exposure

Cited by 33 publications

References 34 publications

High-Throughput Determination of Mercury in Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke from Little Cigars

High-Throughput Determination of Mercury in Tobacco and Mainstream Smoke from Little Cigars

Cadmium and Cadmium/Zinc Ratios and Tobacco-Related Morbidities

Electrothermal Vaporization-QQQ-ICP-MS for Determination of Chromium in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke Particulate

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