Cigarettes With Different Nicotine Levels Affect Sensory Perception and Levels of Biomarkers of Exposure in Adult Smokers

McKinney, Diana L.; Frost-Pineda, Kimberly; Oldham, Michael J.; Fisher, Michael T.; Wang, Jingzhu; Gogova, Maria; Kobal, Gerd

doi:10.1093/ntr/ntu009

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…As the science evolved, low-yield cigarettes were found not to lead to significant decreases in nicotine and toxicant exposure levels as compared to higher-yield cigarettes due to their "elasticity" [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] . Reduction in machine-determined yields was achieved through cigarette design features, not by reducing tar/nicotine in the tobacco filler.…”

Section: Evolution Of Tobacco Harm Reduction Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future

Hatsukami

Carroll

2020

Preventive Medicine

108

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Section: Evolution Of Tobacco Harm Reduction Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future

Hatsukami

Carroll

2020

Preventive Medicine

108

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“…TNE or total nicotine equivalent gives the sum of urinary nicotine, cotinine and several metabolites in the nicotine metabolite profile. This is considered a good biomarker for daily nicotine intake and takes into account all environmental factors influencing nicotine metabolism (McKinney et al, 2014). Assessment of TNE levels can be used for e-cigarettes as biomarker of nicotine intake (Goney et al, 2016).…”

Section: Biomarkers For Detection Of Flavoring Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products

2018

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Tobacco products containing flavorings, such as electronic nicotine delivery devices (ENDS) or e-cigarettes, cigars/cigarillos, waterpipes, and heat-not-burn devices (iQOS) are continuously evolving. In addition to increasing the exposure of teenagers and adults to nicotine containing flavoring products and flavoring enhancers, chances of nicotine addiction through chronic use and abuse also increase. These flavorings are believed to be safe for ingestion, but little information is available about their effects on the lungs. In this review, we have discussed the in vitro and in vivo data on toxicity of flavoring chemicals in lung cells. We have further discussed the common flavoring agents, such as diacetyl and menthol, currently available detection methods, and the toxicological mechanisms associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, mucociliary clearance, and DNA damage in cells, mice, and humans. Finally, we present potential biomarkers that could be utilized for future risk assessment. This review provides crucial parameters important for evaluation of risk associated with flavoring agents and flavoring enhancers used in tobacco products and ENDS. Future studies can be designed to address the potential toxicity of inhaled flavorings and their biomarkers in users as well as in chronic exposure studies.

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“…Focusing on ‘light’ descriptors alone is limited because cigarettes in many countries are no longer labelled with these explicit descriptors. Moreover, ‘light’ descriptors are one of several factors that reinforce the belief that a particular cigarette is smoother, including: the physical engineering of the cigarette (eg, filter ventilation), 1516 nicotine levels, 17 lighter package colour, 18–20 softer packaging, 20 pack shape (eg, rounded corners) 21 and descriptors such as ‘smooth’ or ‘silver’ on the cigarette packaging. 18 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smokers' sensory beliefs mediate the relation between smoking a light/low tar cigarette and perceptions of harm

et al. 2014

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Background The sensory belief that ‘light/low tar’ cigarettes are smoother can also influence the belief that ‘light/low tar’ cigarettes are less harmful. However, the ‘light’ concept is one of several factors influencing beliefs. No studies have examined the impact of the sensory belief about one’s own brand of cigarettes on perceptions of harm. Objective The current study examines whether a smoker’s sensory belief that their brand is smoother is associated with the belief that their brand is less harmful and whether sensory beliefs mediate the relation between smoking a ‘light/low tar’ cigarette and relative perceptions of harm among smokers in China. Methods Data are from 5209 smokers who were recruited using a stratified multistage sampling design and participated in wave 3 of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) China Survey, a face-to-face survey of adult smokers and non-smokers in seven cities. Results Smokers who agreed that their brand of cigarettes was smoother were significantly more likely to say that their brand of cigarettes was less harmful (p<0.001, OR=6.86, 95% CI 5.64 to 8.33). Mediational analyses using the bootstrapping procedure indicated that both the direct effect of ‘light/low tar’ cigarette smokers on the belief that their cigarettes are less harmful (b=0.24, bootstrapped bias corrected 95% CI 0.13 to 0.34, p<0.001) and the indirect effect via their belief that their cigarettes are smoother were significant (b=0.32, bootstrapped bias-corrected 95% CI 0.28 to 0.37, p<0.001), suggesting that the mediation was partial. Conclusions These results demonstrate the importance of implementing tobacco control policies that address the impact that cigarette design and marketing can have in capitalising on the smoker’s natural associations between smoother sensations and lowered perceptions of harm.

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Cigarettes With Different Nicotine Levels Affect Sensory Perception and Levels of Biomarkers of Exposure in Adult Smokers

Abstract: These studies demonstrate that abrupt increases or decreases in nicotine and the resulting sensory changes impact BOE through changes in intensity or frequency of smoking.

Cited by 7 publications

References 46 publications

Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future

Tobacco harm reduction: Past history, current controversies and a proposed approach for the future

Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products

Smokers' sensory beliefs mediate the relation between smoking a light/low tar cigarette and perceptions of harm

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