Circadian clock and cell cycle gene expression in mouse mammary epithelial cells and in the developing mouse mammary gland

Metz, Richard P.; Qu, Xiaoyu; Laffin, Brian; Earnest, David J.; Porter, Weston W.

doi:10.1002/dvdy.20605

Cited by 57 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Similarly, in vivo PER1 and BMAL1 mRNA levels were elevated in late pregnant and lactating mammary tissues from mice, whereas PER2 expression was higher in proliferating virgin and early pregnant glands. In both HC-11 cells and mammary glands, elevated Per2 expression was positively correlated with c-Myc and Cyclin D1 mRNA levels, whereas Per1 and Bmal1 expression changed in conjunction with b-casein mRNA levels (Metz et al, 2006). These data suggest that circadian clock genes may play a role in mammary gland development and differentiation.…”

Section: Circadian Rhythm and Mammary Function 397mentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Recent studies in our laboratory and others have shown the existence of a circadian clock in the mammary gland (Metz et al, 2006; Casey et al, 2009;Maningat et al, 2009). Using transcriptome analysis we investigated coordinated gene expression changes in mammary, liver and adipose during the transition from pregnancy to lactation (Casey et al, 2009).…”

Section: Plaut and Casey 396mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…In rodents, expression of core clock genes and c-Myc and Cyclin D1, which regulate cell division and show circadian patterns of expression, change with mammary development and differentiation. Expression of the clock genes PER1 and BMAL1 were elevated in differentiated HC-11 cells, whereas PER2 mRNA levels were higher in undifferentiated cells (Metz et al, 2006). Similarly, in vivo PER1 and BMAL1 mRNA levels were elevated in late pregnant and lactating mammary tissues from mice, whereas PER2 expression was higher in proliferating virgin and early pregnant glands.…”

mentioning

confidence: 87%

“…These data suggest that coordinated changes in the circadian system occur during the transition from pregnancy to lactation. Circadian sampling (collecting tissues every 4 h over a 24-h period) to describe temporal changes in gene expression showed that expression rhythms for BMAL1 (Arntl) and PER1 increased in amplitude during the transition from pregnancy to lactation in mice (Metz et al, 2006). Changes in amplitude reflect the relative strength of the underlying pacemaker (Bass and Takahashi, 2010), and thus suggest that changes in the mammary core clock reflect the increase in metabolic capacity of this tissue.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Does the circadian system regulate lactation?

Plaut

Casey

2012

Animal

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Environmental variables such as photoperiod, heat, stress, nutrition and other external factors have profound effects on quality and quantity of a dairy cow's milk. The way in which the environment interacts with genotype to impact milk production is unknown; however, evidence from our laboratory suggests that circadian clocks play a role. Daily and seasonal endocrine rhythms are coordinated in mammals by the master circadian clock in the hypothalamus. Peripheral clocks are distributed in every organ and coordinated by signals from the master clock. We and others have shown that there is a circadian clock in the mammary gland. Approximately 7% of the genes expressed during lactation had circadian patterns including core clock and metabolic genes. Amplitude changes occurred in the core mammary clock genes during the transition from pregnancy to lactation and were coordinated with changes in molecular clocks among multiple tissues. In vitro studies using a bovine mammary cell line showed that external stimulation synchronized mammary clocks, and expression of the core clock gene, BMAL1, was induced by lactogens. Female clock/ clock mutant mice, which have disrupted circadian rhythms, have impaired mammary development and their offspring failed to thrive suggesting that the dam's milk production was not adequate enough to nourish their young. We envision that, in mammals, during the transition from pregnancy to lactation the master clock is modified by environmental and physiological cues that it receives, including photoperiod length. In turn, the master clock coordinates changes in endocrine milieu that signals peripheral tissues. In dairy cows, it is clear that changes in photoperiod during the dry period and/or during lactation influences milk production. We believe that the photoperiod effect on milk production is mediated, in part by the 'setting' of the master clock with light, which modifies peripheral circadian clocks including the mammary core clock and subsequently impacts milk yield and may impact milk composition.Keywords: mammary, lactation, circadian rhythm, photoperiod, metabolism ImplicationsThe circadian system coordinates internal physiological processes in mammals and synchronizes these processes to the animal's environment. We review the literature and discuss recent findings from our laboratory and others that suggest the circadian system regulates lactation, including coordinating changes in the dam's physiology needed to initiate and maintain lactation and mediating the photoperiod effect on milk production. Identification of environmental and physiological inputs that affect genes that control circadian rhythms will enable development of approaches to alter gene expression to maximize production efficiency in farm animals. IntroductionNearly all physiological and behavioral functions of animals are rhythmic including secretion patterns of hormones, sleep-wake cycle, metabolism and core body temperature.A circadian rhythm is a roughly 24-h cycle in the biochemical, physiological or behaviora...

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Section: Circadian Rhythm and Mammary Function 397mentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Plaut and Casey 396mentioning

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 87%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Does the circadian system regulate lactation?

Plaut

Casey

2012

Animal

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“…These results suggest that Per2 could be involved in breast cancer prevention by inhibiting E2-induced proliferation. Recently, Per2 was also suggested to play a role in normal mammary cell differentiation (Metz et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

The clock gene Per2 links the circadian system to the estrogen receptor

et al. 2007

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Behavioral, Physiological, and Neuroendocrine Circadian Rhythms During Lactation

Caba

Waliszewski

Meza

2014

Mechanisms of Circadian Systems in Animals and Their Clinical Relevance

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Lactation in mammals implies great challenges for the mothers, who must adapt their behavior and physiology to fulfi ll the costly demands of motherhood. Lactation is the main distinctive feature of mammals, and it is expressed in different modalities depending on the particular evolutionary characteristics of each species. Intense research, using mainly rodents and ungulates, is contributing to understand the complex physiological changes and their interaction with the nervous system during this period. Although this is a fi eld of intense research, very little is known about the circadian rhythms of the mother during lactation. In the present chapter, we explore the importance of circadian rhythms during this period, focusing mainly in the rabbit as a model. There is a major reason for emphasizing attention on this species. The mother rabbit nurses her pups just once a day, for a period of less than 5 min. Although this behavior has long been known, only in recent years has it been fi rmly established that this event occurs around every 24 h, that is, with circadian periodicity. This is a unique characteristic among mammals, and perhaps for this reason the circadian control of lactation had been underestimated in considering that most of the research during lactation had been conducted in other groups of mammals. Then, in this chapter we present behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine circadian rhythms during lactation in the rabbit, and whenever possible we include available literature in other mammal species, including humans.

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Circadian clock and cell cycle gene expression in mouse mammary epithelial cells and in the developing mouse mammary gland

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

Does the circadian system regulate lactation?

Does the circadian system regulate lactation?

The clock gene Per2 links the circadian system to the estrogen receptor

Behavioral, Physiological, and Neuroendocrine Circadian Rhythms During Lactation

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