Circulating miRNAs as Potential Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Radiotherapy

Clinical Significance of Extracellular Vesicles in Prostate and Renal Cancer

“…The use of exosomal assays can help in preventing overdiagnosis and overtreatment in order to better assess which patients benefit from aggressive interventions. EVs isolated from urine of patients have shown the use of this assay as a means of diagnosing cancer with high sensitivity and predict tumor aggressiveness and recurrence after radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy [27,43]. Moreover, EVs have been shown to play a pivotal role in promoting metastases of prostate cancer by establishing the pre-metastatic niche (PMN) [32], another important attribute for proper diagnosis and staging of the cancer.…”

“…Following the formation of MVBs, the remainder of the trafficking pathways comprised of cytoskeleton, molecular motors, and vesicle fusion machinery are mostly regulated by the RAB family of small GTPases [42]. Gene knockouts of RAB2B, RAB9A, RAB5A, RAB27A or RAB27B are shown to be correlated with effective inhibition of exosome biogenesis [42][43][44]. In particular, both RAB27A and RAB27B are associated with promotion of MVBs docking and fusing to the plasma membrane, as well as the vesicle transfer from the Golgi to MVBs.…”

“…In particular, both RAB27A and RAB27B are associated with promotion of MVBs docking and fusing to the plasma membrane, as well as the vesicle transfer from the Golgi to MVBs. Likewise, mechanisms involving RAB small GTPases often recruit SNAP receptors (SNAREs), a superfamily of proteins, for mediation of vesicle trafficking within the cells [42,43]. Despite the critical role of the ESCRT complexes, alternative ESCRT-independent pathways of exosomal packaging and formation have also been shown [43].…”

“…Likewise, mechanisms involving RAB small GTPases often recruit SNAP receptors (SNAREs), a superfamily of proteins, for mediation of vesicle trafficking within the cells [42,43]. Despite the critical role of the ESCRT complexes, alternative ESCRT-independent pathways of exosomal packaging and formation have also been shown [43]. Certain molecules that do not require ubiquitination, including proteolipid protein (PLP), are observed in exosomal cargoes via sphingolipid ceramide.…”

Overcoming Obstacles in Liquid Biopsy Developments for Prostate Cancer

“…Differences have been identified in the content and quantity of exosomes (using proteins and microRNA) isolated from urine in patients with and without prostate cancer as a means of diagnosing cancer with high sensitivity, predicting their aggressiveness, [83][84][85][86][87] and predicting recurrence after radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy. 88,89 Similarly, studies have also evaluated the contents of exosomes isolated from blood samples as well. [90][91][92] The potential utility of exosomal assays may help to prevent overdiagnosis and overtreatment by stratifying patients and identifying those who will benefit from aggressive interventions.…”