“…S1P regulates the differentiation via MAPK pathways in a variety of cell types including osteoclasts, monocytes, placental trophoblasts, myoblasts and vascular smooth muscle cells (16,19,(22)(23)(24). In addition, a number of studies have shown that S1P and sphingosine kinases have multifunctional characteristics, including a correlation with weight gain in breast cancer patients, a sensitivity to acute myeloid leukemia cells, a chemotherapy sensor in prostate cancer and enhancing sensitivity to hormone-resistant prostate cancer (25)(26)(27)(28). ERK, p38 and JNK MAPKs are intracellular signaling pathways that play a pivotal role in numerous essential cell processes such as proliferation and differentiation (3,13,24).…”