“…The publication year ranged from 2016 to 2022, and 28 articles reported the country of the study population: 6 articles from China, 7 articles from the United States, 4 from the United Kingdom, 3 from Japan, 2 each from France and Belgium, and 1 article each from Australia, Germany, Canada and Italy ( Table 1 ). 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 According to the timing of ctDNA measurements, 14 studies reported baseline, 5 studies reported during NAT, and 9 studies reported after NAT and before surgery. Two studies reported before surgery (with or without NAT), and 15 studies reported after surgery (Supplementary Table 1 in).…”