Cis-Regulatory Elements in Mammals

Abstract

In cis-regulatory elements, enhancers and promoters with complex molecular interactions are used to coordinate gene transcription through physical proximity and chemical modifications. These processes subsequently influence the phenotypic characteristics of an organism. An in-depth exploration of enhancers and promoters can substantially enhance our understanding of gene regulatory networks, shedding new light on mammalian development, evolution and disease pathways. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the intrinsic structural attributes, detection methodologies as well as the operational mechanisms of enhancers and promoters, coupled with the relevant novel and innovative investigative techniques used to explore their actions. We further elucidated the state-of-the-art research on the roles of enhancers and promoters in the realms of mammalian development, evolution and disease, and we conclude with forward-looking insights into prospective research avenues.

BestCRM: An Exhaustive Search for Optimal Cis-Regulatory Modules in Promoters Accelerated by the Multidimensional Hash Function

“…TF binding to its target sites (TFBS) often occurs cooperatively, forming cisregulatory modules (CRMs) that are essential for effective and highly specific transcriptional regulation [2]. Collaborations between TFs, whether synergistic or antagonistic, impact gene specificity and regulatory flexibility during processes like tissue development or response to stimuli [3].…”