Citric Acid: Properties, Microbial Production, and Applications in Industries

Książek, Ewelina

doi:10.3390/molecules29010022

Cited by 24 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 227 publications

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“…However, the simultaneous presence of UV, potassium permanganate, a HCl acidic environment, citric acid, and an increasing thermal energy supply led to the initiation of degradation, indicating that environmental factors (physical and chemical) play an important role in the corrosion of PE microorganisms [84]. Moreover, Danso et al [85] investigated not only the effect of environmental and biotechnological conditions that can activate microorganisms, so that they could in turn degrade and corrode plastics, but they also investigated the effect of these conditions on the degradation of the microbial population.…”

Section: Physical (Environmental) Impact On Polyethylene In Soil Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastics in Agricultural and Urban Soils: Interactions with Plants, Micro-Organisms, Inorganic and Organic Pollutants: An Overview of Polyethylene (PE) Litter

Tziourrou,

Golia

2024

Soil Systems

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Over the last few decades, different types of plastics have been found in different soil types with documented or potential negative effects on the environment, the flora and fauna inhabiting the soils, and subsequently human health. This article is a global review of the consequences of the interactions of plastics with soil, plants, soil microbes, and organic or inorganic pollutants depending on land use. It focuses on the various types of polyethylene, a widely used material with a strong presence in both agricultural and urban soils. Although the chemical formula (C2H4)n remains the same in its various classifications, the chemical behavior of polyethylene in soil varies and directly depends on its density, branching, crystallinity, and relative molecular mass, resulting in many and various differences in the properties but also in the behavior of the two main forms of polyethylene, low and high density. However, beyond the chemical composition of plastics, the climatic conditions that apply in both urban and rural areas determine the degree of corrosion as well as their shape and size, also affecting the chemical reactions that directly or indirectly affect them. In agricultural soils, plants and the microbiome present mainly in the rhizosphere seem to dramatically influence the behavior of plastics, where the interaction of all these parameters leads to changes in the availability of nutrients (phosphorus and potassium), the percentage of organic matter and the nitrogen cycle. In urban soils, the increase in temperature and decrease in humidity are the main parameters that determine the adsorption of heavy metals and organic pollutants on the surface of plastics. Although the presence of plastics is considered inevitable, perhaps a more thorough study of them will lead to a reduction in the risks of pollution in urban and rural environments. This research provides a promising perspective on the potential contribution of MP PEs to the sustainable management of soil systems.

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Section: Physical (Environmental) Impact On Polyethylene In Soil Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

Plastics in Agricultural and Urban Soils: Interactions with Plants, Micro-Organisms, Inorganic and Organic Pollutants: An Overview of Polyethylene (PE) Litter

Tziourrou,

Golia

2024

Soil Systems

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“…Among organic acids, citric acid (CA) is largely used in medicine, in food manufacturing, as detergent and in cosmetic industries due to its palatability, high solubility and extremely low toxicity to humans and mammals [68]. The annual global production of citric acid currently amounts to approximately 2.8 million tons, and, in the food additive industry, the citric acid market is one of the fastest-growing segments [87]. The global CA market is projected to reach 9 billion USD by 2030, growing at a compound annual growth rate of 5.90% for the anticipated period 2023-2030 [88].…”

Section: Organic Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Valorization of Agro-Industrial Orange Peel By-Products through Fermentation Strategies

Gervasi,

Mandalari

2024

Fermentation

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The use of whole-cell biocatalysts in microbial cell factories is of great interest to produce added-value compounds. Through large-scale fermentative processes, which use secondary raw materials as substrates, it is possible to recycle and upgrade agro-industrial by-products. This review addresses the main fermentative processes and bioreactors currently used for the valorization of orange peel, a by-product of the Citrus processing industry. Among the main added-value products, bioethanol, organic acids, enzymes, single cell proteins (SCPs), dyes and aromatic compounds have been industrially produced using orange peel via solid state fermentation and submerged fermentation. This approach fits within the circular economy goals in terms of clean technology and renewable energy, valorization and recycling, upgrade of industrial by-products and sustainability.

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“…Through their extensive operations, they cater to the diverse demands of global markets, ensuring a steady and substantial supply of citric acid for various applications. This method is a stable, maintainable (because of its lesser consumption of energy), simple (because of the ease of its approaches), and economical process for obtaining citric acid [ 3 , 4 ]. Citric acid is produced by three fermentation techniques, namely, surface culture technique, submerged culture technique, and solid-state fermentation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Citric acid is produced by three fermentation techniques, namely, surface culture technique, submerged culture technique, and solid-state fermentation. The production of citric acid by Aspergillus niger through submerged fermentation appears to be a highly desirable and most widely used technique for the microbial production of citric acid [ 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Citric Acid Production through Aspergillus niger: Insights from Fermentation Studies Using Sugarcane Molasses

Khurshid,

Ashraf,

Hussain

et al. 2024

Life

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The production of citric acid, a vital agricultural commodity utilized across various industries such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, detergents, and cosmetics, predominantly relies on microbial fermentation, with Aspergillus niger accounting for approximately 90% of global production. In this study, we aimed to optimize the key factors influencing citric acid production, with a focus on strains, fermentation techniques, and carbon sources, particularly sugarcane molasses. A. niger, sourced from the Botany department/Biotechnology laboratories at Govt. College of Science, Lahore, was employed for citric acid production. The process involved inoculum preparation through spore collection from 3 to 5 days of cultured PDA slants. The fermentation medium, comprising cane molasses with a 15% sugar concentration, was meticulously prepared and optimized for various factors, including magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, time of addition of potassium ferrocyanide, ammonium oxalate, and calcium chloride. Our optimization results shed light on the significant impact of different factors on citric acid production. For instance, the addition of 0.4 g/L magnesium sulfate led to a maximum yield of 75%, while 2 g/L potassium ferrocyanide, added at 24 h, achieved a yield of 78%. Remarkably, ammonium oxalate, at a concentration of 10 g/L, resulted in a notable 77% yield. Conversely, the addition of calcium chloride exhibited negligible effects on citric acid production, with the control group yielding more at 78%. Our study underscores the potential for optimizing factors to enhance citric acid production by A. niger in submerged fermentation. These findings highlight the pivotal role of magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, and ammonium oxalate in augmenting citric acid yields while emphasizing the minimal impact of calcium chloride. Ultimately, these insights contribute to advancing our understanding of microbial citric acid biosynthesis, providing valuable implications for industrial applications and future research endeavors.

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Citric Acid: Properties, Microbial Production, and Applications in Industries

Cited by 24 publications

References 227 publications

Plastics in Agricultural and Urban Soils: Interactions with Plants, Micro-Organisms, Inorganic and Organic Pollutants: An Overview of Polyethylene (PE) Litter

Plastics in Agricultural and Urban Soils: Interactions with Plants, Micro-Organisms, Inorganic and Organic Pollutants: An Overview of Polyethylene (PE) Litter

Valorization of Agro-Industrial Orange Peel By-Products through Fermentation Strategies

Enhanced Citric Acid Production through Aspergillus niger: Insights from Fermentation Studies Using Sugarcane Molasses

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