Citrus dwarfing viroid reduces canopy volume by affecting shoot apical growth of navel orange trees grown on trifoliate orange rootstock

Lavagi-Craddock, Irene; Campos, Rafael Gutiérrez; Pagliaccia, Deborah; Kapaun, Therese; Lovatt, Carol J.; Vidalakis, Georgios

doi:10.5070/c471045369

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…When taken together, our results indicate that CDVd modulates the expression profile of important citrus growth and developmental processes that may participate in the cellular changes leading to the observed phenotype of reduced vegetative growth and overall smaller tree size. In this study, most of the transcriptome expression reprogramming appeared to occur in the stems (C. sinensis) rather than in the roots (C. trifoliata), which is consistent with the phenotypic observation of the reduced stem vegetative growth of the stems and striking dwarfed citrus tree phenotype in CDVd-infected trees [21]. It is also in agreement with the observation that the trifoliate orange rootstock does not display major symptoms in response to CDVd infection [90][91][92].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…CDVd is part of a group of so-called "graft-transmissible dwarfing agents," the use of which has been explored for almost fifty years since it was initially proposed [16,18,[47][48][49][50]. Previously, we observed CDVd significantly reduced sweet orange canopy volume on trifoliate rootstock by reducing vegetative growth [19][20][21]. Long-term field observations indicated that CDVd might be used as a possible tool for high-density plantings of citrus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Stem and root samples were collected from the south side of the dwarfed CDVdinfected (n = 3) and the north and south sides of the full-size non-infected trees (n = 3). This type of sampling was necessary to represent the different sizes of trees (i.e., dwarfed trees 61.2% smaller than full size, [21]) and the different light distribution within their canopies due to the size and east-west orientation of the tree rows, in the transcriptome analysis.…”

Section: Plant Materials and Rna Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RNA concentration and quality were assessed with a spectrophotometer and the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, USA) using the Plant RNA Nano assay. The presence or absence of CDVd, as well as that of other graft-transmissible pathogens of citrus endemic to California, was confirmed in each sample by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) as previously described [21,32].…”

Section: Plant Materials and Rna Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] has shown that the observed stunting phenotype induced by CDVd-infection reduces canopy volume by approximately 50% (Figure 1), and the reduction in the canopy volume is a result of a >20% decrease in the apical growth of the shoots [19][20][21]. Therefore, there is a need to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the dwarfing phenotype, so the valuable information can be used to produce dwarfed trees for highdensity plantings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome Analysis of Citrus Dwarfing Viroid Induced Dwarfing Phenotype of Sweet Orange on Trifoliate Orange Rootstock

et al. 2022

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Dwarfed citrus trees for high-density plantings or mechanized production systems will be key for future sustainable citrus production. Citrus trees consist of two different species of scion and rootstock. Therefore, any observed phenotype results from gene expression in both species. Dwarfed sweet orange trees on trifoliate rootstock have been produced using citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd). We performed RNA-seq transcriptome analysis of CDVd-infected stems and roots and compared them to non-infected controls. The identified differentially expressed genes validated with RT-qPCR corresponded to various physiological and developmental processes that could be associated with the dwarfing phenotype. For example, the transcription factors MYB13 and MADS-box, which regulate meristem functions and activate stress responses, were upregulated in the stems. Conversely, a calcium-dependent lipid-binding protein that regulates membrane transporters was downregulated in the roots. Most transcriptome reprogramming occurred in the scion rather than in the rootstock; this agrees with previous observations of CDVd affecting the growth of sweet orange stems while not affecting the trifoliate rootstock. Furthermore, the lack of alterations in the pathogen defense transcriptome supports the term “Transmissible small nuclear ribonucleic acid,” which describes CDVd as a modifying agent of tree performance with desirable agronomic traits rather than a disease-causing pathogen.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Materials and Rna Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Plant Materials and Rna Isolationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transcriptome Analysis of Citrus Dwarfing Viroid Induced Dwarfing Phenotype of Sweet Orange on Trifoliate Orange Rootstock

et al. 2022

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Intensifying citrus tree crops and modifying tree canopies: a brief review

Mahmud,

Monks,

Donovan

et al. 2024

Acta Hortic.

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Next-Generation Sequencing Identification and Characterization of MicroRNAs in Dwarfed Citrus Trees Infected With Citrus Dwarfing Viroid in High-Density Plantings

et al. 2021

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Citrus dwarfing viroid (CDVd) induces stunting on sweet orange trees [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], propagated on trifoliate orange rootstock [Citrus trifoliata (L.), syn. Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) that play important roles in the regulation of tree gene expression. To identify miRNAs in dwarfed citrus trees, grown in high-density plantings, and their response to CDVd infection, sRNA next-generation sequencing was performed on CDVd-infected and non-infected controls. A total of 1,290 and 628 miRNAs were identified in stem and root tissues, respectively, and among those, 60 were conserved in each of these two tissue types. Three conserved miRNAs (csi-miR479, csi-miR171b, and csi-miR156) were significantly downregulated (adjusted p-value < 0.05) in the stems of CDVd-infected trees compared to the non-infected controls. The three stem downregulated miRNAs are known to be involved in various physiological and developmental processes some of which may be related to the characteristic dwarfed phenotype displayed by CDVd-infected C. sinensis on C. trifoliata rootstock field trees. Only one miRNA (csi-miR535) was significantly downregulated in CDVd-infected roots and it was predicted to target genes controlling a wide range of cellular functions. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis performed on selected miRNA targets validated the negative correlation between the expression levels of these targets and their corresponding miRNAs in CDVd-infected trees. Our results indicate that CDVd-responsive plant miRNAs play a role in regulating important citrus growth and developmental processes that may participate in the cellular changes leading to the observed citrus dwarf phenotype.

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Citrus dwarfing viroid reduces canopy volume by affecting shoot apical growth of navel orange trees grown on trifoliate orange rootstock

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Transcriptome Analysis of Citrus Dwarfing Viroid Induced Dwarfing Phenotype of Sweet Orange on Trifoliate Orange Rootstock

Transcriptome Analysis of Citrus Dwarfing Viroid Induced Dwarfing Phenotype of Sweet Orange on Trifoliate Orange Rootstock

Intensifying citrus tree crops and modifying tree canopies: a brief review

Next-Generation Sequencing Identification and Characterization of MicroRNAs in Dwarfed Citrus Trees Infected With Citrus Dwarfing Viroid in High-Density Plantings

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