Citrus Essential Oils in Aromatherapy: Therapeutic Effects and Mechanisms

Abstract

Citrus is one of the main fruit crops cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Approximately half (40–47%) of the fruit mass is inedible and discarded as waste after processing, which causes pollution to the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are aromatic compounds found in significant quantities in oil sacs or oil glands present in the leaves, flowers, and fruit peels (mainly the flavedo part). Citrus EO is a complex mixture of ~400 compounds and has been found to be useful in aromatic infusions for personal health care, perfumes, pharmaceuticals, color enhancers in foods and beverages, and aromatherapy. The citrus EOs possess a pleasant scent, and impart relaxing, calming, mood-uplifting, and cheer-enhancing effects. In aromatherapy, it is applied either in message oils or in diffusion sprays for homes and vehicle sittings. The diffusion creates a fresh feeling and enhances relaxation from stress and anxiety and helps uplifting mood and boosting emotional and physical energy. This review presents a comprehensive outlook on the composition, properties, characterization, and mechanism of action of the citrus EOs in various health-related issues, with a focus on its antioxidant properties.

An Introduction to the Local Plants as Source of Essential Oils for The Sepang Village Community, Mempawah Regency, West Kalimantan

“…Many parts of this plant, including leaves, stem, and fruit, can be extracted into oil (Aran et al, 2021). Essential oils from citrus plants have been used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, perfumery, and cleaning industries (Agarwal et al, 2022). Patchouli, jasmine, and roses are flowering plants grown by the community to decorate their homes and yards.…”

“…This ornamental plant has been known for a long time as a producer of essential oils, especially for use as a raw material for making perfume and soap. Even now, it has penetrated the air freshener and clothing fragrance industry (Agarwal et al, 2022).…”

The Impact of Aromatherapy Gelatin Cold Compresses on the Concentration Level of Students in the Covid-19 Pandemic Online Class

“…These materials were reported to have the ability to calm the central nervous system, thereby aiding in the treatment of insomnia caused by stress, anxiety, tension, and depression (Dewi et al, 2021; Setyoadi & Kushariyadi, 2011). A recent study showed that after the administration of essential oil aromatherapy intervention, the respondents experienced a significant improvement in sensations of comfort and relaxation ( Agarwal et al, 2022 ). Peppermint and citrus had been shown to have the ability to stimulate sensors and receptors, affect other organs, produce a strong emotional response, and provide a synergistic boost in energy and focus ( Sowndhararajan & Kim, 2016 ; Kennedy et al, 2018 ; Koyama & Heinbockel, 2020 ).…”

Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of the Essential Oil from Citrus reticulata Blanco Peels Collected from Agrowastes

“…Essential oils extracted from citrus peels have been found to have a variety of beneficial effects. [20] The antimicrobial properties of citrus essential oils are widely reported against the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi. [21,22] Anti-inflammatory effects are also attributed to the essential oils and compounds including limonene and linalool.…”

“…The essential oils derived from the Citrus peels are the prime source for the Limonene. Essential oils extracted from citrus peels have been found to have a variety of beneficial effects [20] . The antimicrobial properties of citrus essential oils are widely reported against the growth of harmful bacteria and fungi [21,22] .…”