Classical and Modern Approaches Used for Viral Hepatitis Diagnosis

Abstract

Context:Viral hepatitis diagnosis is an important issue in the treatment procedure of this infection. Late diagnosis and delayed treatment of viral hepatitis infections can lead to irreversible liver damages and occurrence of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. A variety of laboratory methods including old and new technologies are being applied to detect hepatitis viruses. Here we have tried to review, categorize, compare and illustrate the classical and modern approaches used for diagnosis of viral hepatitis.Evidence Acquisition:In order to achieve a comprehensive aspect in viral hepatitis detection methods, an extensive search using related keywords was done in major medical library and data were collected, categorized and summarized in different sections.Results:Analyzing of collected data resulted in the wrapping up the hepatitis virus detection methods in separate sections including 1) immunological methods such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA), radio-immunoassay (RIA) immuno-chromatographic assay (ICA), and immuno-chemiluminescence 2) molecular approaches including non-amplification and amplification based methods, and finally 3) advanced biosensors such as mass-sensitive, electrical, electrochemical and optical based biosensors and also new generation of detection methods.Conclusions:Detection procedures in the clinical laboratories possess a large diversity; each has their individual advantages and facilities' differences.

Comparison of a novel real-time PCR method (RTA) and Artus RG for the quantification of HBV DNA and HCV RNA

“…Generally, the specificities of molecular tests are high and they have many advantages over other methods [4].…”

“…Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has become a standard diagnostic method for these types of infections. NATs not only provide an opportunity for early diagnosis, but they also play a substantial role in the determination of response to treatment, the development of resistance, and the duration of treatment [1][2][3][4][5]. Though infections caused by hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses (HBV, HCV) affect millions of people worldwide and the clinical presentation of infections lead serious health problems, there are numerous satisfactory improvements in diagnosis and treatment [6,7].…”

Dielectrophoresis for Biomedical Sciences Applications: A Review

“…This situation has been a large concern to scientists and researchers. There are many immunological techniques and assays with sensitive detectors for virus detection such as the radioimmunoassay (RIA), flow injection analysis (FIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and enzyme-linked fluorescence assay (ELFA) [131,132,133,134]. Despite all of these conventional expensive, high-skills handler diagnostic methods, DEP has shown promising results in detecting, concentrating and discriminating between virally-infected and healthy cells by measuring the electrical properties of the cells.…”

Design and validation of a new method to detect and quantify residual host cell DNA in human recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO)

“…In addition, its results are difficult to be interpreted [20,21]. Threshold total DNA assay, on the other hand, is cost-benefit but not specific and sensitive enough [22,23].…”