Clay Enriched With Ca2+ and Cu2+ As the Catalyst for the Production of Methyl Esters from CPO on a Laboratory Scale

Abstract

Indarung clay (Indarung region, Indonesia) has been successfully enriched with Ca2+ and Cu2+ ions. XRF, XRD, FTIR, and SAA analyses confirmed that calcination process had no significant effect on improving its performance so that the clay was simply heated at 383 K before use. Measurements using AAS showed that the clay is enriched with Cu2+ ions more easily than Ca2+ ions. The catalytic activity test carried out for the transesterification of crude palm oilshowed that under the same reaction conditions Cu2+ enriched Indarung clay yields most methyl ester to compare with other four catalysts (Ca2+ enriched clay, parent clay, Ca-nitrate and Cu-nitrate).

Activated Carbon Derived from Cucumber Peel for Use as a Supercapacitor Electrode Material

“…Various peels of biowaste have been used as precursors to produce activated porous carbon, such as mangosteen, cassava, watermelon, onion, orange, lemon, pomelo, garlic, banana [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18], coconut [19][20][21][22][23][24], apricot [25][26][27], palm kernel [28][29][30][31][32][33][34], etc. Compared to conventional carbon sources, these biomass materials are copious, natural, and renewable, making them sustainable and inexpensive carbon sources.…”