Clearfield® rice: Its development, success, and key challenges on a global perspective

Sensitivity of imidazolinone-resistant red rice (Oryza sativa L.) to glyphosate and glufosinate

“…The introduction of Clearfield ® technology allowed producers to selectively control red rice in irrigated rice areas with little effect on crop safety (AVILA et al, 2005;SUDIANTO et al, 2013). The adoption of this technology was rapid, resulting in more than 50% of rice acreage planted with Clearfield ® rice in Rio Grande do Sul by 2012 .…”

“…The adoption of this technology was rapid, resulting in more than 50% of rice acreage planted with Clearfield ® rice in Rio Grande do Sul by 2012 . On the other hand, because the continued use of this technology and minimal alternative cultural practices being adopted concomitantly, several red rice biotypes have evolved resistance to imidazolinone herbicides (MENEZES et al, 2009;ROSO et al, 2010;SUDIANTO et al, 2013).…”

Integrated pest management for sustainable rice cultivation: a holistic approach

“…Although resistance development was anticipated, the pace of development in tropical regions (particularly in South America) was more rapid than expected. Planting of 2-3 crops a year in warm regions and the absence of die-off of volunteer rice during winter has also facilitated the transfer of the acetohydroxyacid synthase or acetolactate synthase mutagen to weedy rice (Sudianto et al, 2013).…”

“…Herbicides can be detrimental to wildlife (Takamura and Yasuno, 1986;Saka, 2010;Liu et al, 2011). Herbicide residues can also kill native vegetation and reduce the yields of successive grain crops, pastures or vegetable crops such that the use of selective herbicides prohibits certain crop rotations (Sudianto et al, 2013). Institutes and extension agencies that promote the adoption of herbicide-reliant rice production systems will need to consider how these systems can be sustained in an environmentally friendly manner as weeds continue to adapt to available chemicals.…”

“…Management of weedy rice using Clearfield® and other herbicide-tolerant rice varieties has similarly succumbed to herbicide resistance: Clearfield® rice harbours a mutation in the acetohydroxyacid synthase or acetolactate synthase enzyme rendering it tolerant to imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides (Sudianto et al, 2013). Clearfield® rice together with IMI herbicides were expected to reduce weedy rice problems in the Americas, Asia and Europe.…”