Climate change alters plant–herbivore interactions

Abstract

I. Introduction II. Literature review: proximate ecological responses of plants and herbivores to climate change III. Meta-analysis IV. Evolutionary consequences of climate change for plant-herbivore interactions Acknowledgements References

Global Warming, Climate Change, and Environmental Pollution: Recipe for a Multifactorial Stress Combination Disaster

“…Many of these contaminants can further cause changes in soil pH and salinity levels, as well as damage the stratospheric ozone layer and enhance the levels of UV radiation reaching the Earth surface [17][18][19][20][21]. In addition to directly impacting plant growth and reproduction within many eco-and agricultural systems, many of the environmental conditions described in the previous text were also found to increase the vulnerability of plants to attack by different pathogens and pests, as well as to alter the behavior of different insects, resulting in a decline in many forest ecosystems as well as insect-driven pollination [22][23][24][25][26]. According to computer models, further increases in the frequency and intensity of different episodes of abiotic stress, such as droughts, heat waves, cold snaps, and flooding, are to be expected as global average temperatures increase (www.ipcc.ch/) (e.g., [1][2][3]).…”

The impact of multifactorial stress combination on plant growth and survival

“…In this respect it should be noted that reproductive processes and yield of important grain crops such as corn (Zea mays), soybean (Glycine max) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) are negatively impacted by stress combinations such as drought and heat stress (e.g., Mittler, 2006;Li et al, 2015;Lawas et al, 2018;Qaseem et al, 2019;. In addition, plantpathogen and/or insect interactions are also negatively impacted by different stresses and their combinations (e.g., Prasch & Sonnewald, 2013;Desaint et al, 2020;Hamann et al, 2020;Cohen & Leach, 2020;Savary & Willocquet, 2020). If simple stress combinations involving two or at most 3 factors can have such dramatic effects on plant reproduction and/or pathogen/insect interactions, it stands to reason that more complex stress interactions, such as those comprising a multifactorial stress combination, would have an even more dramatic effect on these processes.…”

“…In addition, plant-pathogen and/or insect interactions are also negatively impacted by different stresses and their combinations ( e.g. , Prasch & Sonnewald, 2013; Desaint et al , 2020; Hamann et al , 2020; Cohen & Leach, 2020; Savary & Willocquet, 2020). If simple stress combinations involving two or at most 3 factors can have such dramatic effects on plant reproduction and/or pathogen/insect interactions, it stands to reason that more complex stress interactions, such as those comprising a multifactorial stress combination, would have an even more dramatic effect on these processes.…”

“…These include climate change-driven extreme and fluctuating weather events (e.g., heat waves, cold snaps, flooding, and/or prolonged drought), combined with harsh soil conditions (e.g., saline, basic, and/or acidic), different man-made contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, microplastics, pesticides, antibiotics and persistent organic pollutants), radiation (e.g., UV), limited nutrient availability, and high content of airborne molecules and gases (e.g., ozone, burn particles, CO2). In addition to directly impacting plant growth and reproduction within many ecoand agricultural systems (e.g., Mittler & Blumwald, 2010;Lobell & Gourdji, 2012;Bailey-Serres et al, 2019;Borghi et al, 2019), some of these environmental conditions were also shown to increase the vulnerability of plants to attack by different pathogens or insects (e.g., Desaint et al, 2020;Hamann et al, 2020;Cohen & Leach, 2020;Savary & Willocquet, 2020).…”

“…, Mittler & Blumwald, 2010; Lobell & Gourdji, 2012; Bailey-Serres et al , 2019; Borghi et al , 2019), some of these environmental conditions were also shown to increase the vulnerability of plants to attack by different pathogens or insects ( e.g. , Desaint et al , 2020; Hamann et al , 2020; Cohen & Leach, 2020; Savary & Willocquet, 2020).…”