Climate Change and Stomatal Physiology

Abstract

Stomata control the uptake of CO 2 into the leaf along with water loss through transpiration and are critical for maintaining plant water status and leaf temperature. The predicted changes in future climate conditions; including atmospheric [CO 2 ], temperature, and water availability will greatly influence stomatal development and functional response. As stomata account for 95% of terrestrial gaseous fluxes of water and carbon, their behaviour has major consequences for global hydrological and carbon cycles, with implications for precipitation patterns, land run‐off and drought events. Furthermore, as water demand for agricultural practices is predicted to increase, crop production for sustainable food security will require improvements in plant water use efficiency, to which stomatal conductance and dynamic responses to environmental conditions are key components. Stomatal response is often the combination of several environmental and internal stimuli, and is, therefore, difficult to predict across ecosystem types. Here, we review stomatal response to key environmental factors at the leaf and ecosystem levels, and highlight the influence of changes in stomatal anatomical and functional behaviour on earth systems and ecosystem function in the face of climate change.

Alterations in stomatal response to fluctuating light increase biomass and yield of rice under drought conditions

“…Therefore, the elite haplotype of NHX1 may be used in other crops to breed drought-tolerant lines. The ability to enhance crop drought tolerance is actually gaining special attention, as with the various available options to improve the photosynthetic efficiency, the expected gain in productivity can only be achieved if a simultaneous improvement in the crop WUE can be realized as well (Long et al, 2015;Matthews and Lawson, 2019;Wu et al, 2019). Notably, the mechanisms by which the different NHX1 haplotypes control and/or modulate the stomatal movements remain unclear, and thus further investigation needs to be done in this context to better explore and decipher the accurate molecular mechanisms standing behind this dynamic paradigm of the puzzling stomatal response to fluctuating light.…”

“…It is well known that the long-term stomatal acclimation to an abiotic stress, such as drought, is associated with the anatomical and/or developmental alterations, as shown by the impaired stomatal density, size and index (Hetherington and Woodward, 2003;Xu et al, 2016;Matthews and Lawson, 2019). Because accessions harboring HapII and HapIII showed dramatic differences in τ cl and performed different drought tolerance, we tested whether this haplotypic variation has already been under an artificial selection during the past breeding activities.…”

Stomata Profile Comparisons in Abaxial and Adaxial Zones of Dendrobium aphyllum and Arachnis flos-aeris Leaves

“…These neighboring cells in each species have various forms. Some resemble surrounding epidermal cells or different (Matthews & Lawson, 2019). The stomata's location in orchids generally follows the path of the leaf repetition where, if the leaf bones are parallel, the stomata location will also be parallel.…”

“…The process of opening and closing these stomata is related to environmental conditions. When environmental conditions are unfavorable, exposure frequency will occur less frequently to avoid events such as excess transpiration (Matthews & Lawson, 2019). Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) plants such as orchids generally open their stomata from late afternoon or evening.…”

“…Meanwhile, stomata found on one side are generally found in plants that grow in certain areas, such as arid places or aquatic plants. The position of the stomata varies according to environmental conditions, which is very useful in keeping the leaves from excess transpiration (Matthews & Lawson, 2019: Hong et al, 2018 Each type of orchid has different stomata that can be used to differentiate orchids between taxa. Indonesia has high orchid biodiversity, where around 5,000 of the 25,000 species of orchids in the world can be found in Indonesia (Fardhani et al, 2015).…”