Climate change impact and adaptation for highway asphalt pavements: a literature review

Abstract

For the past few decades, researchers all over the world have agreed that the service life of civil infrastructure is significantly affected by climate change. Pavement is one of these significant infrastructures that can be easily affected by climate change. However, it is well known that predicting climate change is highly complex and dynamic. Hence, a review has been done on available climate change models and the uncertainties involved in climate change prediction. This review addresses various important questions such as (1) What is climate change? (2) How to use climate change models? (3) Uncertainties involved in using climate change models. (4) How does climate change impacts the pavement infrastructure? (5) What are the adaptation and mitigation strategies available? and (6) How do economic costs and emissions change due to climate change? This review is useful to understand climate change and its implications on pavement infrastructure.

Algorithm Applied to SDG13: A Case Study of Ibero-American Countries

“…Second, adaptation and mitigation strategies are the most appropriate measures to improve the results of indicator 13.1.1 [19]. In this case, governments should work proactively [16] by strengthening the resilience of communities to natural disasters with investment in protective infrastructure in flood risk areas [52]. Another strategy would be to facilitate the relocation of people living in vulnerable areas to safer places [53,54].…”

“…Natural imbalances bring other implications, such as the costs associated with infrastructure destruction [16], floods [3], and reduction of agricultural crop yields [17]. In addition, drought is expected to displace 700 million people by 2030 [18], which may increase social, political, and economic tensions worldwide [19].…”

“…The most appropriate measures are to be found in adaptation and mitigation strategies [19], which will generate economic costs. In this direction, it is ratified that proactive adaptation has been less burdensome in life cycle cost than reactive adaptation strategies [16]. Therefore, a crisis caused by climate change is confirmed, in which global causes produce local effects, and we are all affected.…”