Climate Change Impact on the Evolution of the Saline Lakes of the Soan-Sakaser Valley (Central Salt Range; Pakistan): Evidences from Hydrochemistry and Water (δD, δ18O) and Chlorine (δ37Cl) Stable Isotopes

Hussain, Syed Asim; Han, Fuzhu; Han, Wenxia; Aguilar, Rodríguez; Han, Jilong; Jian-guo, Han; Nian, Xiu-Qing; Yi, Lei; Ma, Zhe; Wîdory, David

doi:10.3390/w11050912

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Burning fossil fuels, which is the major cause of global climate change, is related to the decrease of the water level of many lakes and, consequently, increased desiccated periods (both frequency and duration) and related impacts as increased penetration of ultraviolet radiation. A few lakes in Pakistan are examples of this case, with reduced habitat representativeness and biodiversity and altered life cycles of aquatic species [23]. Many other ISL have been referred to with decreasing water levels related to climate change [18,[24][25][26].…”

Section: The Conservation Of Inland Salt Lakes and Their Status In 2025mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Likely Status of Inland Salt Lake Ecosystems in 2050: Reminiscing and Revisiting Bill Williams

Comı́n¹

2023

Environmental Sciences

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The classical management approach of inland saline lake ecosystems focused on ecological issues, including conserving their biological communities and physical-chemical characteristics. However, the peculiarity of saline lake ecosystems is that they are in a limited watershed, in many cases a closed watershed. So, its management should be planned and performed at watershed scale, which has been frequently neglected. W.D. (Bill) Williams was one of the key persons rising awareness for conservation and promoting their rationale management based on scientific research results. This work shows, through a literature review, that classical management approaches included returning impacted salt lakes to initial conditions through, mostly, eliminating the processes impacting them. At the turn of the century, a wider approach emerged. In addition to focusing on watershed scale management, the integration of social, economic, and environmental issues was incorporated into management proposals by different authors. Lake Gallocanta case study is described and discussed as a paradigm of inland salt lake management. The status of inland salt lakes will improve in the future if land cover reparcelling, and rationale uses of water in the watershed are incorporated, considering adaptive practices to climate change impacts and a balanced provision of ecosystem services.

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Section: The Conservation Of Inland Salt Lakes and Their Status In 2025mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Likely Status of Inland Salt Lake Ecosystems in 2050: Reminiscing and Revisiting Bill Williams

Comı́n¹

2023

Environmental Sciences

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“…The study of the Cl/Br ratio has proved to be one of the most effective and sensitive indexes when defining the geological environment, brine concentrations and the depositional stages associated to the brine evaporation process (e.g. Han et al, 2019;Hussain et al, 2019). Experiments have demonstrated that this Cl/Br ratio is related to the brine and salt evolution (Braitsch, 1962): the more advanced brine solutions produce lower Cl/Br ratios in the precipitates (Eggenkamp et al, 2019a;Eggenkamp et al, 2019b).…”

Section: Halite Geochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major rock salts deposits in Pakistan are located in the Salt Range area and in the Kohat basin (KB) (e.g. Hussain et al, 2019;Hussain et al, 2020a;Hussain et al, 2020b;Hussain et al, 2021). The Precambrian Salt Range is considered as the main and oldest salt deposits in the sub-continent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…δ 37 Cl is good at fingerprinting the origin of mixed magmatic-basinal brines and it can differentiate between marine and non-marine environment and depositional conditions (Chiaradia et al, 2006). Recently it has also been proved that δ 37 Cl can be used to evaluate the evaporation rate at the time of the salt formation (Luo et al, 2014, Luo et al, 2016Hussain et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Origin and Evolution of Eocene Rock Salts in Pakistan and Implications for Paleoclimate Studies: Insights From Chemistry and Cl Stable Isotopes

Hussain

Han

et al. 2021

Front. Earth Sci.

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The Kohat Basin (KB) lies on the Himalayan Foothills and is of scientific importance as it directly recorded the closure of the Tethys Sea and the Himalayan collision between India, Asia, and a number of other small plates. During the Eocene, after the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates terminated the Tethys Sea, thick-bedded marine evaporite sequences developed in the KB. In this study, we combined mineralogy, geochemistry, fluid inclusion and chlorine stable isotope compositions to discuss the origin and evolution of the KB Eocene halite deposits with the ultimate objective of defining the paleoclimate that was prevailing in Asia during the Eocene. Our results showed that halite samples were SO42− rich (225–370.103 ppm) and Br− poor (<3 ppm). Cl−, B+, Mg2+, K+, SO42− and very low Br concentrations as well as the (Br/Cl) ratios indicated that halite resulted of a mixture of solutions with variable compositions and that dissolution, recrystallization and a progressive decrease in dolomitization were the mechanisms leading to the formation of these evaporites. A Br/Cl vs Cl plot revealed that the end members involved were: seawater (sw), saline waters and/or freshwaters. The recrystallization process prevented identifying the primary structures and primary fluid-inclusions. Most of Cl isotope compositions (−0.54‰<δ37Cl < 0.83‰) were within the usual range (0 ± 0.5‰) associated to seawater as the initial source for the halite. The higher isotope compositions (δ37Cl ≥ 0.83‰) comforted the hypothesis of the genesis by mixing of solutions of different origins as well as the involvement of recrystallization. Based on our results, we are proposing the following to explain the regional paleoclimate sequence: 1) shallow water conditions; 2) halite precipitation induced by evaporation, 3) unstable paleoclimatic conditions that resulted in the morphing from an evaporite basin into a terrestrial foreland basin. All these events were controlled by regional tectonic and linked to both the overall uplift times of the NW Indian Craton and the Eocene thermal maximum one during the Eocene-Oligocene period.

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“…The area displays wide varieties of structural styles, salt tectonics, and deposition in varied depositional settings. The Salt Range Formation is one of the excellent laboratory experiments to display the evaporative system in Pakistan, but unfortunately it is the least studied formation, particularly with reference to isotopic studies [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling Sources and Climate Conditions Prevailing during the Deposition of Neoproterozoic Evaporites Using Coupled Chemistry and Boron Isotope Compositions (δ11B): The Example of the Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan

Hussain

Han

et al. 2021

Minerals

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In this study, the ion concentrations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, Br−, NO3−, and B3+) and boron isotope compositions (δ11B) of 34 halite and brines samples from the Neoproterozoic Salt Range Formation, Punjab, Pakistan were studied. Relation among B3+ vs. Mg2+, B3+ vs. SO42−, δ11B vs. B3+, and δ11B vs K+ were observed, they indicated that these elements originate from multiple sources and the end members were identified as seawater, B desorption from clays, and meteoric precipitation. Halite samples of the area under study displayed a Na-HCO3-type to Ca-Cl type sedimentary basin of deposition, on δ11B vs. 1/B plot. Molar ratios of B/Cl vs. δ11B revealed the addition of B in some of the studied samples from desorption of clay minerals. This type of diagenetic desorption of B from clays is the consequence of a stress driven mechanism, generated in the proximity of a decollement zone. Results confirm that the number of B stable isotopes that fractionate between the brine and the halite is low. The halite δ11B from the Salt Range Formation vary from +2.1 to +24.4‰, compared to +17.3 to +26.1‰ in the salt pool brines, and suggest that boron isotope compositions are controlled by the δ11B of the B sources. The positive relationship between the boron content and the corresponding δ11B indicates a higher salinity and drier paleoclimate conditions during the formation process, associated with a high evaporation rate in the Late Neoproterozoic time. Presence of elevated δ11B in the present study, demonstrate compatibility with other marine basins of the world, arising the need for further investigations to better characterize the 11B-enriching processes.

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Climate Change Impact on the Evolution of the Saline Lakes of the Soan-Sakaser Valley (Central Salt Range; Pakistan): Evidences from Hydrochemistry and Water (δD, δ18O) and Chlorine (δ37Cl) Stable Isotopes

Cited by 14 publications

References 49 publications

The Likely Status of Inland Salt Lake Ecosystems in 2050: Reminiscing and Revisiting Bill Williams

The Likely Status of Inland Salt Lake Ecosystems in 2050: Reminiscing and Revisiting Bill Williams

Origin and Evolution of Eocene Rock Salts in Pakistan and Implications for Paleoclimate Studies: Insights From Chemistry and Cl Stable Isotopes

Unraveling Sources and Climate Conditions Prevailing during the Deposition of Neoproterozoic Evaporites Using Coupled Chemistry and Boron Isotope Compositions (δ11B): The Example of the Salt Range, Punjab, Pakistan

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