Clinical Characteristics and Whole Exome Sequencing Analysis in Serbian Cases of Clubfoot Deformity—Single Center Study

Abstract

Background: Recognized as one of the most serious musculoskeletal deformities, occurring in 1–2 per 1000 newborns, 80% of clubfeet are idiopathic while 20% present with associated malformations. The etiopathogenesis of clubfoot is described as multifactorial, including both genetic and environmental risk factors. The aim of this study was to analyze possible genetic causes of isolated and syndromic clubfoot in Serbian children, as well as to correlate clinical and genetic characteristics that would provide insight into clubfoot etiopathogenesis and possibly contribute to global knowledge about clinical features of different genetically defined disorders. Methods: We evaluated 50 randomly selected, eligible children with clubfoot aged 3 to 16 years that were initially hospitalized and treated at University Children’s Hospital between November 2006 and November 2022. The tested parameters were gender, age, dominant foot, affected foot, degree of deformity, treatment, neuromuscular disorders, positive family history, and maternal smoking. According to the presence of defined genetic mutation/s by whole exome sequencing (WES), patients were separated into two groups: positive (with genetic mutation/s) and negative (without genetic mutation/s). Results: Seven patients were found to be positive, i.e., with genetic mutation/s. A statistically significant difference between categorical variables was found for families with a history of clubfoot, where more than half (57.14%) of patients with confirmed genetic mutation/s also had a family history of genetic mutation/s (p = 0.023). Conclusions: The results from this study further expand the genetic epidemiology of clubfoot. This study contributes to the establishment of genetic diagnostic strategies in pediatric patients with this condition, which can lead to more efficient genetic diagnosis.