Clinical Characterization and Diagnostic Approaches for Patients Reporting Hypersensitivity Reactions to Quinolones

Abstract

Clinical characterization and diagnostic approaches for patients reporting hypersensitivity reactions to quinolones SHORT TITLE: Characterization and diagnosis of hypersensitivity reactions to quinolones.

Biomarkers for diagnosis and prediction of therapy responses in allergic diseases and asthma

“…230,233,235,236 For other drugs and for NIRs, the value of STs is very limited. 14,230,231,237 Regarding in vitro tests, during the acute phase of the reaction, serum tryptase is the most valuable biomarker for confirming mast cell activation in IR. 229 The expression of granzyme B and granulysin in blood cells may be useful for detecting lymphocyte activation in severe NIR.…”

“…238 At the resolution phase, immunoassays are used in IRs to determine sIgE, although the sensitivity is lower than for STs 229,239,240 and only commercially available for limited drugs. For BLs, it shows a variable sensitivity (0%-50%), 229,230,239 with the possibility of inducing false-positive results when testing for Penicillin V. 241 The value of BAT in IR has been proven for BL and quinolones, giving a sensitivity up to 55% 242,243 and 83%, 237,244 respectively. The sensitivity of both sIgE and BAT correlates with severity reaction, 239 decreases with time, 243,245 and depends on the activation basophil marker assessed, e.g, the detection of CD203c increases BAT sensitivity although remaining low (36.4%).…”

“…Therefore, amoxicillin and any suspected BL must be included when performing STs 230,233,235,236 . For other drugs and for NIRs, the value of STs is very limited 14,230,231,237 …”

Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Therapy of Allergic Diseases and Asthma

“…192,195,197,198 For other drugs and for NIRs, the value of STs is very limited. 14,192,193,199 Regarding in vitro tests, during the acute phase of the reaction, serum tryptase is the most valuable biomarker for confirming mast cell activation in IR. 191 The expression of granzyme B and granulysin in blood cells may be useful for detecting lymphocyte activation in severe NIR.…”

“…200 At the resolution phase, immunoassays are used in IRs to determine sIgE, although the sensitivity is lower than for STs 191,201,202 and only commercially available for limited drugs. For BLs, it shows a variable sensitivity (0-50%), 191,192,201 with the possibility of inducing false positive results when testing for Penicillin-V. 203 The value of BAT in IR has been proven for BL and quinolones, giving a sensitivity up to 55% 204,205 and 83%, 199,206 respectively. The sensitivity of both sIgE and BAT correlates with severity reaction 201 , decreases with time, 205,207 and depends on the activation basophil marker assessed, e.g.…”