Closed-loop training of attention with real-time brain imaging

deBettencourt, Megan T.; Cohen, Jonathan D.; Lee, Ray F.; Norman, Kenneth A.; Turk‐Browne, Nicholas B.

doi:10.1038/nn.3940

Cited by 289 publications

(261 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Second, the use of external rewards, such as money, has been reported to facilitate neurofeedback learning [20,23]. Third, the development of multivariate analysis techniques, which allows for more sensitive neurofeedback [24–28], has been incorporated into neurofeedback [13,20,29]. Fourth, changes of connectivity in a targeted brain network [30,31], which could be a cause of mental abnormalities [32–34], have been incorporated into neurofeedback techniques.…”

Section: Recent Advancements In Fmri Neurofeedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advances in fMRI Real-Time Neurofeedback

Watanabe

Sasaki

Shibata

et al. 2017

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

232

211

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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback in which real-time online fMRI signals are used to self-regulate brain function. Since its advent in 2003, significant progress has been made in fMRI neurofeedback techniques. Specifically, the use of implicit protocols, external rewards, multivariate analysis, and connectivity analysis have allowed neuroscientists to explore a possible causal involvement of modified brain activity in modified behavior. These techniques have also been integrated into groundbreaking new neurofeedback technologies, specifically decoded neurofeedback (DecNef) and functional-connectivity-based neurofeedback (FCNef). By modulating neural activity and behavior, DecNef and FCNef have substantially advanced both basic and clinical research.

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Section: Recent Advancements In Fmri Neurofeedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In most conventional fMRI neurofeedback studies, feedback scores are provided to participants in the form of a visual or auditory stimulus without external reward [4,9,13,14,17]. Feedback scores basically reflect how close the brain activation is to the predetermined targeted measure.…”

Section: Four Significant Aspects Of Progress Of Fmri Neurofeedbackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in fMRI Real-Time Neurofeedback

Watanabe

Sasaki

Shibata

et al. 2017

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

232

211

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“…For example, fMRI (4,5) has the ability to map whole-brain activity, although low spatiotemporal resolution (6) precludes monitoring neural circuits at the cellular level. Optical imaging (7,8) is capable of mapping at single neuron spatial resolution, although applications have been limited by penetration depth, temporal resolution, specimen heating, and incorporation of genetically encoded reporters (9).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Syringe-injectable mesh electronics integrate seamlessly with minimal chronic immune response in the brain

Zhou

Hong

et al. 2017

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

193

211

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Implantation of electrical probes into the brain has been central to both neuroscience research and biomedical applications, although conventional probes induce gliosis in surrounding tissue. We recently reported ultraflexible open mesh electronics implanted into rodent brains by syringe injection that exhibit promising chronic tissue response and recording stability. Here we report time-dependent histology studies of the mesh electronics/brain-tissue interface obtained from sections perpendicular and parallel to probe long axis, as well as studies of conventional flexible thin-film probes. Confocal fluorescence microscopy images of the perpendicular and parallel brain slices containing mesh electronics showed that the distribution of astrocytes, microglia, and neurons became uniform from 2–12 wk, whereas flexible thin-film probes yield a marked accumulation of astrocytes and microglia and decrease of neurons for the same period. Quantitative analyses of 4- and 12-wk data showed that the signals for neurons, axons, astrocytes, and microglia are nearly the same from the mesh electronics surface to the baseline far from the probes, in contrast to flexible polymer probes, which show decreases in neuron and increases in astrocyte and microglia signals. Notably, images of sagittal brain slices containing nearly the entire mesh electronics probe showed that the tissue interface was uniform and neurons and neurofilaments penetrated through the mesh by 3 mo postimplantation. The minimal immune response and seamless interface with brain tissue postimplantation achieved by ultraflexible open mesh electronics probes provide substantial advantages and could enable a wide range of opportunities for in vivo chronic recording and modulation of brain activity in the future.

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“…The uses of NF are diverse, ranging across a variety of motor and sensory tasks (1)(2)(3)(4), investigation of cortical plasticity and attention (5)(6)(7)(8)(9), to treatment of chronic pain, depression, and mood control (10)(11)(12)(13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Covert neurofeedback without awareness shapes cortical network spontaneous connectivity

Ramot

Grossman

Friedman

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

102

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Recent advances in blood oxygen level-dependent-functional MRI (BOLD-fMRI)-based neurofeedback reveal that participants can modulate neuronal properties. However, it is unknown whether such training effects can be introduced in the absence of participants' awareness that they are being trained. Here, we show unconscious neurofeedback training, which consequently produced changes in functional connectivity, introduced in participants who received positive and negative rewards that were covertly coupled to activity in two category-selective visual cortex regions. The results indicate that brain networks can be modified even in the complete absence of intention and awareness of the learning situation, raising intriguing possibilities for clinical interventions.neurofeedback | training | reward | spontaneous activity | functional connectivity T here has been a growing interest in the field of neuroscience in the use of neurofeedback (NF) as a tool to both study and treat various clinical conditions. The uses of NF are diverse, ranging across a variety of motor and sensory tasks (1-4), investigation of cortical plasticity and attention (5-9), to treatment of chronic pain, depression, and mood control (10-13).Recent advances in functional MRI (fMRI) techniques and hardware have made real-time fMRI (rtfMRI) a viable method for NF (14). This enables more anatomically specific training compared with methods such as EEG. This enhanced localization additionally allows to provide feedback to differential activation patterns (6, 15, 16), beyond simple up/down-regulation of a specific region/frequency.Another advance in the field of NF is the finding by several recent studies that participants are able to learn to successfully perform the NF paradigm, even without being given an explicit strategy (8,16). This form of implicit learning is intriguing, both because there have been reports indicating certain advantages to implicit over explicit learning (17,18), but mostly because this opens up previously unidentified pathways for therapeutic intervention, for cases for which there are no specific explicit strategies available (for instance, control over complex networks, such as in epilepsy, or over brain regions whose function is not fully elucidated).However, an important common factor in all previous NF studies was the fact that participants were aware that they were being trained, and received specific goals for this training. A fundamental question that therefore remains unanswered is whether targeted brain networks can still be modulated even in the complete absence of participants' awareness that a training process is taking place. Theories of closed-loop learning provide evidence that such implicit learning through reward cues is possible (19,20). This is an important issue, because it may open the way for NF training even in severe clinical cases such as minimally conscious or vegetative state, where such awareness is absent.In the present study, we examined this question in fMRI experiments in which participants were i...

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Closed-loop training of attention with real-time brain imaging

Cited by 289 publications

References 49 publications

Advances in fMRI Real-Time Neurofeedback

Advances in fMRI Real-Time Neurofeedback

Syringe-injectable mesh electronics integrate seamlessly with minimal chronic immune response in the brain

Covert neurofeedback without awareness shapes cortical network spontaneous connectivity

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