Closing a gap in the nuclear envelope

Vietri, Marina; Stenmark, Harald; Campsteijn, Coen

doi:10.1016/j.ceb.2016.03.001

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…ESCRT proteins promote membrane fission, in particular in membrane necks (such as at the base of a budding vesicle), and they are involved in a variety of cellular processes (Hurley 2015). At the NE, it is thought that the annuli left after ER-membrane flattening are similar to membrane necks, and it was proposed that they are sealed by ESCRT-III in a manner similar to ESCRT activity in other membrane necks (Vietri et al 2016). The involvement of ESCRT-III in NE reformation in C. elegans has yet to be examined.…”

Section: Ne Reassemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering all the components that make up and associate with the NE, the process of NE breakdown and reassembly is a massive undertaking (for reviews see Guttinger et al 2009 andVietri et al 2016): chromosomes must detach from the NE, the lamina and NPCs must disassemble, and the nuclear membrane must retract into the ER. Following NPC disassembly, certain NPC subunits associate with kinetochores and assist in chromosome segregation.…”

Section: The Dynamic Nature Of the Nucleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell Biology of theCaenorhabditis elegansNucleus

Cohen-Fix

Askjaer

2017

Genetics

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Studies on the Caenorhabditis elegans nucleus have provided fascinating insight to the organization and activities of eukaryotic cells. Being the organelle that holds the genetic blueprint of the cell, the nucleus is critical for basically every aspect of cell biology. The stereotypical development of C. elegans from a one cell-stage embryo to a fertile hermaphrodite with 959 somatic nuclei has allowed the identification of mutants with specific alterations in gene expression programs, nuclear morphology, or nuclear positioning. Moreover, the early C. elegans embryo is an excellent model to dissect the mitotic processes of nuclear disassembly and reformation with high spatiotemporal resolution. We review here several features of the C. elegans nucleus, including its composition, structure, and dynamics. We also discuss the spatial organization of chromatin and regulation of gene expression and how this depends on tight control of nucleocytoplasmic transport. Finally, the extensive connections of the nucleus with the cytoskeleton and their implications during development are described. Most processes of the C. elegans nucleus are evolutionarily conserved, highlighting the relevance of this powerful and versatile model organism to human biology.KEYWORDS Caenorhabditis elegans; chromatin; gene expression; lamin; LEM-domain proteins; LINC; P granule; nuclear pore complex; nuclear envelope; nucleocytoplasmic transport; nucleolus; WormBook TABLE OF CONTENTSAbstract 25 C. elegans as a model system to study cell biology of the nucleus 26 Structural components of the nucleus 27

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Section: Ne Reassemblymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Dynamic Nature Of the Nucleusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell Biology of theCaenorhabditis elegansNucleus

Cohen-Fix

Askjaer

2017

Genetics

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“…The fact that nanoholes have sheet-like as well as tubule-like morphological features allows for a diverse range of mechanisms to explain how they are created and resolved. In addition to machinery that can facilitate sheet fusion or fission (18,19), processes that enable ER tubule fusion and fission may control nanohole creation or removal within sheets (6) (see schematic in fig. S8C, D).…”

Section: Main Textmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nano-scale size holes in ER sheets provide an alternative to tubules for highly-curved membranes

Schroeder

Barentine

Schweighofer

et al. 2017

Preprint

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The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is composed of interconnected membrane sheets and tubules. Super-resolution microscopy recently revealed densely packed, rapidly moving ER tubules, highlighting the importance of revisiting classical views of ER structure with high spatial resolution in living cells. Using live-cell Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy, we show highly dynamic, subdiffraction-sized holes in ER sheets. Holes coexist with uniform sheet regions and are distinct from tubular ER structures. The curvature-stabilizing reticulon protein Rtn4 localizes to these holes and the ER luminal tether Climp63 controls their diameter and mobility. Analytical modeling demonstrates that holes in ER sheets can serve as reservoirs for curvature-stabilizing proteins to support ER tubule extension and retraction, thus providing an explanation for how the ER locally alters its morphology on fast time-scales.One Sentence SummaryDynamic nano-scale sized holes are prominent features of ER sheets that serve as reservoirs for curvature-stabilizing proteins to support ER tubule extension and retraction.

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“…The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) proteins form a series of multi-subunit protein complexes that assemble into a cargo sorting and membrane remodelling machinery [1] , [2] . Whilst initially discovered as regulators of cargo sorting on endosomes [3] , [4] , [5] , it is becoming apparent that these complexes play essential and, until recently, relatively unappreciated roles in cell division [6] , [7] , [8] . The ESCRT machinery also plays essential roles in release of enveloped retroviruses and extracellular vesicles, in pruning neuronal processes, repairing both plasma and nuclear membranes and in regulating the quality of nuclear pore components ( Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ESCRT-dependent control of membrane remodelling during cell division

Stoten

Carlton

2018

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology

100

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The Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport (ESCRT) proteins form an evolutionarily conserved membrane remodelling machinery. Identified originally for their role in cargo sorting and remodelling of endosomal membranes during yeast vacuolar sorting, an extensive body of work now implicates a sub-complex of this machinery (ESCRT-III), as a transplantable membrane fission machinery that is dispatched to various cellular locations to achieve a topologically unique membrane separation. Surprisingly, several ESCRT-III-regulated processes occur during cell division, when cells undergo a dramatic and co-ordinated remodelling of their membranes to allow the physical processes of division to occur. The ESCRT machinery functions in regeneration of the nuclear envelope during open mitosis and in the abscission phase of cytokinesis, where daughter cells are separated from each other in the last act of division. Roles for the ESCRT machinery in cell division are conserved as far back as Archaea, suggesting that the ancestral role of these proteins was as a membrane remodelling machinery that facilitated division and that was co-opted throughout evolution to perform a variety of other cell biological functions. Here, we will explore the function and regulation of the ESCRT machinery in cell division.

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Closing a gap in the nuclear envelope

Cited by 23 publications

References 104 publications

Cell Biology of theCaenorhabditis elegansNucleus

Cell Biology of theCaenorhabditis elegansNucleus

Nano-scale size holes in ER sheets provide an alternative to tubules for highly-curved membranes

ESCRT-dependent control of membrane remodelling during cell division

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