Closing the gaps in the regulation of submarine cables: lessons from the Australian experience

Matley, Holly Elizabeth

doi:10.1080/18366503.2019.1653740

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 4 publications

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“…Future studies should look into the law and policy issues that affect the protection of submarine cables, as well as the laying, maintenance and operation of such cables. For instance, the most effective option to address the security gap in submarine cable regulation is to adopt a new counter–terrorism agreement that criminalizes intentional damage to submarine communication cables (Matley, 2019; Bueger & Liebetrau, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Spillover of the Global Internet Penetration Rate and the Digital Gender Divide

Wang,

Lin

2024

Sage Open

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This study investigated the possible contributing factors to the digital gender divide and the spatial spillover effects of submarine communication cables on neighboring areas. Using spatial statistical models and global data, this study examined the Internet penetration rate and the digital gender divide in 186 countries. Data sources included open source data, social media, ITU and UNCTAD databases, and the World Bank. The study estimated the average male and female Internet users in 186 countries using Facebook API. The number of submarine communication cables between countries was used as the basis for constructing the spatial weights matrix. The countries with the highest Internet penetration rate were mostly in Europe. Those with the lowest Internet penetration rate were in Africa, Central Asia, and West Asia. Thirteen of the 15 countries with the worst Internet penetration rate were located in the African region. A significant digital gender divide arose in the developing and the least-developed countries. We argue that connectivity is key to the reduction of the digital gender divide and to ensuring that more women have access to the Internet. The study ascertains that the Internet penetration rate is related to the digital gender divide in individual countries and has a spatial spillover impact in surrounding nations connected by submarine communication cables. The study demonstrates that submarine cables serve as important infrastructure for closing the digital gender divide and deserve increased analytical attention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial Spillover of the Global Internet Penetration Rate and the Digital Gender Divide

Wang,

Lin

2024

Sage Open

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The Final Frontier of Cyberspace: The Seabed Beyond National Jurisdiction and the Protection of Submarine Cables

Guilfoyle¹,

Paige²,

McLaughlin³

2022

ICLQ

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Cyberspace is now acknowledged not only as the newest domain of warfare, but also as a space vital to economic, educational and cultural development for all States. This thin consensus ignores the fundamental fact that the backbone of cyber infrastructure—submarine telecommunication cables—is not (for the large part) located within sovereign territorial jurisdiction. The radically increased reliance of States upon submarine data cables emphasises their vulnerability to damage by malicious acts, accidents, or natural phenomena. Faced with these problems, legal analysis has tended to identify gaps or deficiencies in the law, and propose the creation of new legal instruments. The contribution of this article is twofold. First, it expands the frame of analysis to include deliberate damage to cables not only in peacetime but under the law of armed conflict. Second, rather than treating the legal framework as inherently deficient, it considers the extent to which existing rules and principles can be progressively developed, interpreted, or creatively applied to close perceived gaps. This article surveys the existing law specific to the protection of submarine cables and assesses how general principles of the law of the sea, State responsibility, the law on the use of force, and the law of armed conflict apply to this problem. It thus considers in turn the applicable ‘law of peace’, the jus ad bellum and the jus in bello.

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Protecting hidden infrastructure: The security politics of the global submarine data cable network

Bueger

Liebetrau

2021

Contemporary Security Policy

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Closing the gaps in the regulation of submarine cables: lessons from the Australian experience

Cited by 3 publications

References 4 publications

Spatial Spillover of the Global Internet Penetration Rate and the Digital Gender Divide

Spatial Spillover of the Global Internet Penetration Rate and the Digital Gender Divide

The Final Frontier of Cyberspace: The Seabed Beyond National Jurisdiction and the Protection of Submarine Cables

Protecting hidden infrastructure: The security politics of the global submarine data cable network

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