cloud photography from the Gemini 4 spaceflight

Nagler, Kenneth M.; Soules, S. D.

doi:10.1175/1520-0477-46.9.522

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Such darkening occurs because wetting the surface changes the index of refraction of the surface layer increasing the probability of internal reflection [44], because the new refractive index reduces the intensity of first-surface and subsequent reflections [45], and because wetting softens rough edges, decreasing surface roughness at optical wavelengths [46]. Surface darkening due to precipitation wetting of the surface was first seen on Earth from Gemini 4 in 1965 [47,48] (Figure 23). Christophe Sotin et al (in prep) experimentally verified that liquid hydrocarbons can wet ice at Titan-relevant temperatures and, furthermore, that such wetting leads to surface darkening not dissimilar from that seen on Earth from Gemini 4.…”

Section: One Instance Of Evaporite In Yalaingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation-induced surface brightenings seen on Titan by Cassini VIMS and ISS

et al. 2013

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Observations from Cassini VIMS and ISS show localized but extensive surface brightenings in the wake of the 2010 September cloudburst. Four separate areas, all at similar latitude, show similar changes: Yalaing Terra, Hetpet Regio, Concordia Regio, and Adiri. Our analysis shows a general pattern to the time-sequence of surface changes: after the cloudburst the areas darken for months, then brighten for a year before reverting to their original spectrum. From the rapid reversion timescale we infer that the process driving the brightening owes to a fine-grained solidified surface layer. The specific chemical composition of such solid layer remains unknown. Evaporative cooling of wetted terrain may play a role in the generation of the layer, or it may result from a physical grain-sorting process.

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Section: One Instance Of Evaporite In Yalaingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Precipitation-induced surface brightenings seen on Titan by Cassini VIMS and ISS

et al. 2013

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“…Photographs on color film from the Gemini spaceflights have been disccussed previously (for example, Nagler and Soules, 1965;and Kuettner and Soules, 1966) to illustrate how these pictures can augment atmospheric studies when used in conjunction with regular weather observations and meteorological satellite views. In the two years since the last Gemini flight, pictorial coverage from meteorological satellites has greatly improved, making it possible for more extensive studies to be undertaken.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

two tropical storms viewed by Apollo 7

Soules

Nagler²

1969

Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society

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Hurricane Gladys, near Florida, and typhoon Gloria, in the western Pacific Ocean, were photographed in October 1968 by the astronauts on the Apollo 7 spaceflight. Nearly concurrent weather satellite views are presented for comparison with these pictures to show scale differences and the cloud types that can be observed. In the view of Gladys the typical extensive cirrus cloud canopy was not present, permitting an exceptionally clear view of the convective cloud bands and other cloud structure. A photograph of typhoon Gloria showed organized, low-level cloud structure within its 50-mile diameter eye. The tropical storm pictures from Apollo 7 were obtained as part of a continuing effort to photograph, in color, Earth and cloud phenomena from manned spaceflights for use in environmental studies.

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“…Pictures of the type taken by the Gemini astronauts for the so called "Weather Photography Experiment" make the fine print visible. This experiment was described earlier by its co-experimenters, Mr. Kenneth M. Nagler of the ESSA Space Operations Support and one of the authors (Nagler and Soules, 1965). The Gemini photographs shown here were made with a Hasselblad camera having a lens focal length of 80 mm using 70 mm Kodak Ektachrome MS film.…”

Section: Cloud Bands In Gemini Photographsmentioning

confidence: 99%