CNN-based evaluation of bone density improves diagnostic performance to detect osteopenia and osteoporosis in patients with non-contrast chest CT examinations

Deep learning in the radiologic diagnosis of osteoporosis: a literature review

“…All included studies were published between 2018 and 2023, with most being published after 2020. X-ray (17/40) 14 – 25 and CT (16/40) 26 – 41 images were the most frequently used modalities; digital projection radiography (DPR) 42 – 44 was used in three studies and MRI 45 , 46 in two studies. Two studies 47 , 48 using vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) images were considered in this review.…”

“…Twenty studies 18 , 19 , 24 , 26 – 29 , 34 , 42 , 44 , 50 – 52 focused on osteoporosis screening and classification. The convolutional neural network (CNN) was widely used in all of these studies.…”

“…A total of 13 studies 17 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 30 – 33 , 36 , 39 , 53 , 54 aimed to measure BMD. Among these, nine studies focused on predicting vertebral BMD, 17 , 26 , 30 – 33 , 39 , 40 , 53 three studies assessed hip BMD, 21 , 23 , 36 and only one study examined both vertebral and hip BMD.…”

“…A total of 13 studies 17 , 21 , 23 , 26 , 30 – 33 , 36 , 39 , 53 , 54 aimed to measure BMD. Among these, nine studies focused on predicting vertebral BMD, 17 , 26 , 30 – 33 , 39 , 40 , 53 three studies assessed hip BMD, 21 , 23 , 36 and only one study examined both vertebral and hip BMD. 54 It is worth noting that whereas most studies used quantitative assessment methods, one study 33 conducted qualitative assessment.…”

“…Breit et al. 26 used a deep image-to-image network (DI2IN) in their study. The proposed DI2IN is a multi-layer CNN that incorporates wavelet features and geometric constraints (AdaBoost) to accurately segment the vertebral bodies of the thoracic spine.…”