Co‐based Nanozymatic Profiling: Advances Spanning Chemistry, Biomedical, and Environmental Sciences

Abstract

Nanozymes, next‐generation enzyme‐mimicking nanomaterials, have entered an era of rational design; among them, Co‐based nanozymes have emerged as captivating players over times. Co‐based nanozymes were developed and have garnered significant attention over the past five years. Their extraordinary properties, including regulatable enzymatic activity, stability, and multifunctionality stemming from magnetic properties, photothermal conversion effects, cavitation effects, and relaxation efficiency, have made Co‐based nanozymes a rising star. This review presents the first comprehensive profiling of the Co‐based nanozymes in the chemistry, biology, and environmental sciences. The review begins by scrutinizing the various synthetic methods employed for Co‐based nanozyme fabrication, such as template and sol‐gel methods, highlighting their distinctive merits from a chemical standpoint. Furthermore, we provide a detailed exploration of their wide‐ranging applications in biosensing and biomedical therapeutics, as well as their contributions to environmental monitoring and remediation. Notably, drawing inspiration from state‐of‐the‐art techniques such as omics, a comprehensive analysis of Co‐based nanozymes is undertaken, employing analogous statistical methodologies to provide valuable guidance. To conclude, we present a comprehensive outlook on the challenges and prospects for Co‐based nanozymes, spanning from microscopic physicochemical mechanisms to macroscopic clinical translational applications.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

In Vivo Toxicology of Metabolizable Atomically Precise Au25 Clusters at Ultrahigh Doses

“…Due to unique physical and chemical properties, the metal-based nanoparticles were widely used in biomedicine. − Most recently, metal-based nanozymes possess enzyme-mimicking catalytic activities, showcasing significant potential in biosensing, − disinfection, , and disease treatment. − Especially, metal clusters, typically consisting of a few to a hundred atoms and with particle size below 2 nm, − show wide prospects in biomedicine because of their well-defined structure, tunable physicochemical properties, and renal clearance feature. , The Au nanoclusters (Au NCs) exhibit high enzymatic catalytic activities and fluorescence, providing the potential opportunity for clinical and translational medicine. ,,,− …”

Nanoscience and nanotechnology for water remediation: an earnest hope toward sustainability

“…In particular, emergence of nanoscience and nanotechnology over the past few decades has played a key role in shaping current environmental remediation science and technology. 37–42 To begin with, it is important to understand the scope and differences between nanoscience and nanotechnology. Typically, nanoscience represents a broad multidisciplinary area of scientific research, dealing with particles and structures in the dimensions of 1–100 nm.…”

Choline Phosphate-Grafted Nanozymes as Universal Extracellular Vesicle Probes for Bladder Cancer Detection

“…Inorganic nanozymes are widely used in biomedical research because of their high catalytic efficiency and good stability, outperforming biological enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase, HRP) for signal amplification in ELISA. 24,25 To endow nanozymes with specific recognition toward target proteins, the surfaces of nanozymes are often modified with antibodies or aptamers. 26−28 Considering that the catalytic activity of nanozymes depends on the surface's active sites, these surface modification strategies may impair their enzymatic activity.…”

“…Inorganic nanozymes are widely used in biomedical research because of their high catalytic efficiency and good stability, outperforming biological enzymes (such as horseradish peroxidase, HRP) for signal amplification in ELISA. , To endow nanozymes with specific recognition toward target proteins, the surfaces of nanozymes are often modified with antibodies or aptamers. − Considering that the catalytic activity of nanozymes depends on the surface’s active sites, these surface modification strategies may impair their enzymatic activity . Various kinds of antibodies or aptamers are involved in fabricating nanoprobes for multiplex profiling of EV protein biomarkers. − However, only a few nanoprobes can be recognized by EV membrane proteins due to the small size of EVs and low copy number of the target proteins (normally 1–5 per EV), − leading to false negative results.…”