Co-occurrence of mycotoxins in swine feed produced in Portugal

Abstract

A total of 404 samples of commercial swine feed from Portugal feed mills were analysed by HPLC methods for the presence of mycotoxins: 277 samples of feed for fattening pigs were analysed for ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEA), and deoxynivalenol (DON), and 127 samples of feed for sows were analysed for ZEA and fumonisins (FB1 + FB2). Concerning feed for fattening pigs, 21 (7.6%) samples were positive for OTA, (2-6.8 μg/kg), 69 (24.9%) were positive for ZEA (5-73 μg/kg), and 47 (16.9%) were positive for DON (100-864 μg/kg). In feed for sows, the results showed 29.9% of positive samples for ZEA (5-57.7 μg/kg) and 8.7% positive samples for FB1 and FB2 (50-391.4 μg/kg). Co-occurrence of DON/ZEA was found most frequently, but simultaneous contamination with OTA/ZEA and OTA/DON was also found.

Multiannual mycotoxin survey in feed materials and feedingstuffs

“…In Croatia,Šegvić Klarić et al (2009 observed that in 2 (15%) of 13 fees samples, OTA was detected in a concentration range of 5.4-12.9 g/kg (mean 9.2 g/kg). In this study, the mean contamination levels of OTA in complete feed samples were higher than results reported by Jaimez et al (2004) and Martins et al (2008), but they were lower than those obtained byŠegvić and Almeida et al (2011).…”

“…Martins et al (2008) reported that in 9 (3%) out of 291 swine feed samples in Portugal, DON was detected in the range of 100-1649 g/kg. In a subsequent study conducted by Almeida et al (2011), it was reported that 17% of feeds for fattening pigs were contaminated with DON in concentrations of 100-864 g/kg. In our study, the contamination levels of DON in complete feed samples were similar to the results obtained by Labuda et al (2005a) and Driehuis et al (2008), and they were higher than the results reported by Martins et al (2008), Almeida et al (2011) and Cegielska-Radziejewska et al (2013).…”

Multiannual occurrence of mycotoxins in feed ingredients and complete feeds for pigs in the Czech Republic

“…1,860 μg/kg). A Portuguese survey conducted by Almeida et al (2011) found that 16.6% of swine feed samples (fattening pigs) contained DON at a concentration of 223.2 ± 181.1 μg/kg (max. 864.0 μg/kg).…”

“…2.79 μg/kg). Almeida et al (2011) found that OTA prevalence in feed for fattening pigs in Portugal was 7.6% with a mean concentration of 3.9 ±1.2 μg/kg (max. 6.8 μg/kg).…”

Untitled

“…AFLs/ Pienso 80/36 (45%) 1.0 -16.0 n.d. 0 (Martins y Martins, 1999) Pienso para cerdos 106/19 (18%) 1.0 -7,470.0 n.d. 2 (Martins y Martins, 2001b) Pienso para bovinos 189/92 (49%) 1.0 -740.0 n.d. 29 (Martins y Martins, 2001b) Pienso para aves 117/23 (20%) 1.0 -68.0 n.d. 1 (Martins y Martins, 2001b) Materias primas 104/34 (33%) 1.0 -166.0 15.0 n.d. (Novo et al, 2001) Pienso para bovinos 57/26 (46%) 1.0 -16.0 4.0 n.d. (Novo et al, 2001) Pienso para mascotas 60/0 (0%) 0 0 0 (Martins et al, 2003b) Pienso para bovinos 399/34 (9%) 5.0 -15.0 n.d. n.d. (Peito y Venâncio, 2004) Pienso para aves 85/16 (19%) 1.0 -20.0 n.d. n.d. (Peito y Venâncio, 2004) Pienso para cerdos 74/7 (9%) 1.0 -2.0 n.d. n.d. (Peito y Venâncio, 2004) Pienso para bovinos 1,001/374 (37%) 1.0 -74.0 18.1 62 (Martins et al, 2007a) Pienso para ratones de laboratorio 31/0 (0%) 0 0 0 (Guerra et al, 2007) Materias primas 513/63 (12%) 1.0 -45.0 n.d. n.d. (Martins et al, 2008a) Pienso 583/62 (11%) 1.0 -21.0 n.d. 4 (Martins et al, 2008a) Avena en grano 45/0 (0%) 0 0 0 (Almeida et al, 2008) Materias primas 4/1 (25%) 2.0 2.0 0 (Griessler et al, 2010) Pienso para pescado 87/0 (0%) 0 0 0 (Almeida et al, 2011b) Total 3,535/787 (22%) 98 (3%) OTA/ Pienso para mascotas 60/5 (8%) 2.0 -3.6 2.8 0 (Martins et al, 2003b) Pienso para caballos 50/30 (60%) 2.0 -3.2 n.d. 0 (Guerra et al, 2005) Avena en grano 45/9 (20%) 1.0 -1.61 n.d. 0 (Almeida et al, 2008) Pienso para ratones de laboratorio 31/0 (0%) 0 0 0 (Almeida et al, 2010) Materias primas 4/2 (50%) 3.0 -4.0 3.5 0 (Griessler et al, 2010) Pienso para cerdos 478/31 (7%) 2.0 -130.0 11.0 1 (Martins et al, 2011) Pienso para aves 186/12 (7%) 2.0 -10.9 5.7 0 (Martins et al, 2011) Pienso para cerdos 277/21 (8%) 2.0 -6.8 3.9 0 (Almeida et al, 2011a) Total 1,131/110 (10%) 1 (0.1%)…”