Coal combustion residues—environmental implications and recycling potentials

Jarosite characteristics and its utilisation potentials

“…Solidification/stabilisation (s/s) process is one of the techniques, now, commonly used to inhibit the transport of heavy pollutant elements into the surrounding environment and offers improvement in the physical characteristics that reduce the leachability of toxic metals. Earlier work based on the various extensive research carried out at lab and pilot scale levels by several researchers all over the world showed that fly ash can be used in making cement, concrete, bricks, in back fill/road embankment, adhesives, wall board, agriculture/soil amelioration, wasteland development, wood substitute, paint and various environmental applications (Martin et al, 1990;Ferraiolo et al, 1990;Keefer, 1993;Murarka et al, 1993;Sharma and Jain, 1993;Sikka and Kansal, 1995;Saxena et al, 1998;Tiwari and Saxena, 1999;Kazuo, 2000;Sumio et al, 2000;Iyer and Scott, 2001;Sarangi et al, 2001;Asokan, 2003;Saxena and Asokan, 2003;Asokan et al, 2005). However, some of the studies indicate that fly ash can be used as partial replacement for Portland cement to immobilise the toxic effect from solidified cement fly ash binder (Wang and Vipulanandan, 1996;Vondruska et al, 2001).…”

An ultrasound-assisted digestion method for the determination of toxic element concentrations in ash samples by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

“…Ashes generated by burning coal and sewage sludge have been used as soil amendment. Possible applications for municipal solid waste bottom and fly ashes are tested in construction materials (cement and ceramic), geotechnical applications (road pavement and embankments) and agriculture (soil amendment) [13,14,[16][17][18][19][20]. Industrial solid wastes are very difficult to analyze, because their composition is unpredictable, highly variable, and heterogeneous [21,22].…”

Comprehensive Characterization of Grounded Bottom Ash from Indian Thermal Power Plant

“…Bottom ash with size greater than 400 µm is used as coarser aggregate. Bottom ash aggregates are feasible to be used in concrete by the fractional replacement of sand with coarser and finer aggregates [9,[13][14]21,28]. The value of compressive and tensile strengths increases with the increase fine aggregate replacement ration in concrete consists of bottom ash aggregates.…”

“…Bottom ash is used as a construction material for highway and pavement. all the bottom ash samples shows the higher value of porosity (table 1) which leads to more water holding capacity and it can also be used as substitute to soil and gravel for road embankments [14][15]. Bottom ash can used in plants and crops as a source of nutrient [27,35].…”

“…The fly ash is most commonly used for making bricks, concrete blocks, cement production, ceramics, agriculture, road construction, land filling and embankments [8][9][10][11][12][13]. Presently, bottom ash is utilized in civil engineering applications like road construction, concrete, structural fill, agriculture, embankment and geotechnical applications [14][15][16][17]. in response of the environmental issues of bottom ash, many investigators [15][16][17][18][19][20] have emphasized on maximum bottom ash utilization methods with the aim to minimize the reclamation and disposal.…”