Coastal horizontal wind speed gradients in the North Sea based on observations and ERA5 reanalysis data

Cañadillas, Beatriz; Wang, Shuhan; Ahlert, Yasmin; Djath, Bughsin; Barekzai, Mares; Foreman, Richard; Lampert, Astrid

doi:10.1127/metz/2022/1166

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…The ASM results (dashed lines) seem to have very tentatively captured the wake effect as evident from the z/L = 1.5 line (yellow) but this is quite speculative at this stage. The ASM energy ratios are lower than the SCADA energy ratios because we know there is wind speed from the coast of up to 35% as documented previously [36,48]. Hence, when modelling such large-scale coastal areas, long-range wakes are probably of lesser significance with accounting for the correct flow inhomogeneity [31], which is why these speculative results are included here in the discussion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

The Atmospheric Stability Dependence of Far Wakes on the Power Output of Downstream Wind Farms

Foreman,

Cañadillas,

Robinson

2024

Energies

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Stability-dependent far-field offshore wind-farm wakes are detected in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) wind power records from wind farms located in the North Sea. The results are used to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the Openwind engineering model, which in turn enables understanding of the wake signal captured by the SCADA data. Two experimental model set-ups are evaluated, the current standard set-up considering a neutral atmosphere and extended for stable conditions, and the other using a new atmospheric stability implementation called the far-wake atmospheric stability model (ASM) previously reported in Energies. The ASM approach enables the identification within wind power records of wakes of length at least 30 km depending on the atmospheric stability. The ASM approach would be useful for assessing which neighboring wind farms are likely to affect the wind turbine power output and to what extent the power output is affected by stability.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

The Atmospheric Stability Dependence of Far Wakes on the Power Output of Downstream Wind Farms

Foreman,

Cañadillas,

Robinson

2024

Energies

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“…In [2] this model did show the slowest wake recovery of all engineering models, but still an overestimation compared to LES. [5] adapted an engineering model by including a wind farm roughness approach that assumes an infinite wind farm. This approaches showed promising results, although the wind farm wake recovery was again overestimated, especially under stable conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-model approach for wind resource assessment

Sengers,

Vollmer,

Dörenkämper

2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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This study presents a multi-model approach for wind resource assessment of a wind farm affected by external wakes. The Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF), a mesoscale model, is employed to simulate external wind farm wakes, while the Farm Optimization and eXtended yield Evaluation Software (FOXES), an engineering model, is used to simulate the wind farm of interest. This hybrid approach addresses the limitation of both models, mainly the lack of layout effects in mesoscale models and the poor representation of cluster wakes in engineering models. A case study, focusing on the Kaskasi wind farm in the Heligoland cluster, shows that the WRF model predicts larger wake losses compared to FOXES, with the multi-model approach yielding intermediate results. Systematic differences are found as a function of wind speed and seasonality, while the models behave differently as a function of turbulence intensity. The external wake effect was clearly identified for one wind direction sector in WRF and the multi-model approach, while FOXES failed to represent this. The proposed methodology does not only enhance classic resource assessment, but also facilitates efficient layout optimization using cluster waked inflow and allows for wind farm control studies, contributing to both planning and operational phases of wind farm management.

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“…This zone has a width of 3.5 km. Even though there are already studies conducted on the N4 cluster [7], the flow conditions in the gap have not yet been studied in detail before.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global blockage effect of a wind farm cluster - an LES study

Meijer,

Steinfeld,

Vollmer

et al. 2024

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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The interaction of wind farm clusters with the atmospheric flow is complex. It comes along with phenomena that have still not been fully understood in detail. However, having an understanding of the flow is a prerequisite for the derivation of models that can accurately and with limited computational resources replicate the most prominent features of the flow. This study exploits large-eddy simulations (LES) to create a better understanding of the wind farm cluster blockage under a set of different atmospheric conditions. The specific wind farm cluster consists of three wind farms, with a relatively narrow gap between the two northernmost wind farms. Results reveal that under conventionally neutral boundary layers, the induction zone relatively large is when there is a low atmospheric boundary layer height with a strong temperature inversion. In our LES study, wind speed is reduced between 2 % and 4 % 2 D upstream of the front row of the wind farm, while inside the gap of the wind farm cluster, there is an acceleration of the wind speed. Comparatively, blockage for a solitary row or single wind turbine is similar and smaller than for a whole cluster. On average, turbines in the front row of a cluster produce 5.1 % less power than a single turbine.

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Coastal horizontal wind speed gradients in the North Sea based on observations and ERA5 reanalysis data

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

The Atmospheric Stability Dependence of Far Wakes on the Power Output of Downstream Wind Farms

The Atmospheric Stability Dependence of Far Wakes on the Power Output of Downstream Wind Farms

Multi-model approach for wind resource assessment

The global blockage effect of a wind farm cluster - an LES study

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