“…They include processes such as diffusion treatments, selective hardening, plating, hardfacing, thermal spray coatings, high-energy treatments such as laser processing, and organic coatings such as paints and plastic laminates [1][2][3][4][5]. Involvement with coatings dates back to the metal ages of antiquity in gold beating and gilting [6,7] and can be said to have transformed itself from what was mainly an empirical craft, into a key technology, grounded on scientific principles within a span of few decades [8][9][10]. The advances in coatings are primarily in areas relating to tailor the microstructure or the thickness.…”