Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) and the stress response

Koylu, Ersin O.; Balkan, Bedih; Kuhar, Michael J.; Pöğün, Şakire

doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2006.03.032

Cited by 103 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 142 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…They also have neuroprotective properties and promote the survival and differentiation of neurons in vitro [157]. Moreover, there is some evidence of its role as a modulator of anxiety and stress response [158].…”

Section: Cartmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracrine Regulation of Thyroid-Hormone Synthesis by C Cells

Fernández-Santos¹,

García-Marín²,

Utrilla³

et al. 2012

Thyroid Hormone

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Cartmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracrine Regulation of Thyroid-Hormone Synthesis by C Cells

Fernández-Santos¹,

García-Marín²,

Utrilla³

et al. 2012

Thyroid Hormone

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…We may recall that corticotropin-releasing factor system is rapidly stimulated following acute stress, 56 and that corticotropinreleasing factor increased the transcriptional activity of CART gene. 57 It seems that the development of short-term stress immediately following re-socialization might cause rebound activation of the CART system, which in turn produced a drastic reduction in food intake. Interestingly, attenuation of this effect by the CART antibody, further supports a role for endogenous CART in reducing food intake and body weight following re-socialization.…”

Section: Social Isolation Cart and Feeding Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Central regulation of feeding behavior during social isolation of rat: evidence for the role of endogenous CART system

et al. 2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Objective: Although hyperphagia and body weight gain are well-recognized consequences of social isolation, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. The aim of this work is to test the possibility that the endogenous cocaine-and amphetamineregulated transcript peptide (CART) may be involved in the process. Design: Socially isolated rats were screened for increase in food intake and body weight, and the modifications of these parameters by CART were evaluated. Furthermore, isolated animals were re-socialized and screened for reversal of these effects. Response of the endogenous CART system, in certain hypothalamic nuclei of the isolated and re-socialized rats, was evaluated with immunohistochemistry. Subjects: Fifty days old naive male Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Measurements: The effects of CART/CART antibody on the social isolation and subsequent re-socialization on feeding and body weight changes were monitored. Moreover, the immunohistochemical response of endogenous CART system to social isolation and re-socialization was analyzed morphometrically. Results: While social isolation of rats for a period of 6 weeks caused progressive increase in food consumption and body weight gain, these rats showed a significant reduction in food intake and body weight when injected daily with CART via intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route, for the following 7 days. The re-socialization of isolated rats reduced food intake and body weight to the control levels. These effects of re-socialization were attenuated by immunoneutralization of the endogenous CART by i.c.v. CART antibody. Social isolation also resulted in a drastic reduction in CART immunoreactivity in the cells and/or fibers in the hypothalamic areas like dorsomedial, ventromedial, lateral, paraventricular and arcuate nuclei, recognized for their role in feeding. On the other hand, the CART immunoreactivity profile was fully restored following 7 days of re-socialization of the isolation-reared rats. Conclusion: Social isolation might down-regulate the hypothalamic CART-containing system, which in turn may lead to increase in food intake and body weight.

show abstract

“…CART is robustly expressed in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and in the locus coeruleus, both of which control stress responses (Koylu et al 2006). Moreover in PVN, the CRH-immunoreactive neurons are activated by i.c.v.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

CART (cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript) is a neuropeptide involved in the control of several physiological processes, such as response to psychostimulants, food intake, depressive diseases and neuroprotection. It is robustly expressed in the brain, mainly in regions that control emotional and stress responses and it is regulated by estrogen in the hypothalamus. There is a distinct population of CART neurons located in the vicinity of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus of the midbrain that also colocalize urocortin-1. The aims of this study were 1) to determine the distribution of CART immunoreactive neurons in the monkey midbrain, 2) to examine the effects of estrogen (E) and progesterone (P) on midbrain CART mRNA and peptide expression and 3) to determine whether midbrain CART neurons contain steroid receptors. Adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were spayed and either treated with placebo (OVX), estrogen alone (E), progesterone alone (P) or E + P. Animals were prepared (a) for RNA extraction followed by microarray analysis and quantitative (q) RT-PCR (n=3/group); (b) for immunohistochemical analysis of CART and CART +tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), CART+estrogen receptors (ER) or CART+progesterone receptors (n=5/group) and (c) for western blots (n=3/group). Both E− and E+P-administration decreased CART gene expression on the microarray and with qRT-PCR. Stereological analysis of CART immunostaining at five levels of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus indicated little effect of E or E + P administration on the area of CART immunostaining. However, P administration increased CARTimmunopositive area in comparison to the OVX control group with Student's t-test, but not with ANOVA. CART 55-102 detection on western blot was unchanged by hormone administration. ERβand PR were detected in CART neurons and CART fibers appeared to innervate TPH-positive serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe. In summary, E decreased CART mRNA, but this effect did not translate to the protein level. Moreover, P administration alone had a variable effect on CART mRNA, but it caused an increase in CART immunostaining. Together, the data suggest that CART neurons in the midbrain have a unique steroid response, which may be mediated by nuclear receptors, neuroactive steroids or interneurons.

show abstract

Cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) and the stress response

Cited by 103 publications

References 142 publications

Paracrine Regulation of Thyroid-Hormone Synthesis by C Cells

Paracrine Regulation of Thyroid-Hormone Synthesis by C Cells

Central regulation of feeding behavior during social isolation of rat: evidence for the role of endogenous CART system

Unique responses of midbrain CART neurons in macaques to ovarian steroids

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About