Cocoa bean husk: industrial source of antioxidant phenolic extract

Abstract

CBH treatment at 170 °C for 30 min produces an antioxidant-rich extract high in phenols (55 mg g ), sugars (220 mg g ) and theobromine (56 mg g ) that is suitable for applications in the food, cosmetic and nutraceutical industries. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Activity of catechins and their applications

“…Has an anti-allergenic component and antiinflammatory and anti-arthritic activity Ohmori et al 1995, Marques et al 2018, Foyet et al 2015, Magalhães et al 2009 Anti-viral activities Shows anti-influenza activity and interferes with cell infiltration and attachment of herpes simplex virus Ide et al 2014, Cheng 2006 Anti-cancer activities Extract from Lawsonia inermis (Henna) can inhibit proliferation of cancer cells Kumar et al 2016 Activation of skin barrier passage Various methods have enhanced the skin penetration of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) anti-oxidants Puri et al 2016, Zillich et al 2013, dal Belo et al 2009, Kadhum et al 2017, Bombardelli 1991, Arct et al 2002, Yang et al 2015c, Wisuitiprot et al 2011 Promoting cell activities Effective for low cytotoxicity and anti-melanin production and improves reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated cell viability and cell proliferation Kim et al 2015 Sludge utilisation Anti-oxidant components were extracted from various sludge, suggesting that they could be developed into foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals Aires et al 2016, Magalhães et al 2015, Reis et al 2016, Kosińska et al 2012, Arruda et al 2017, Hernández-Hernández et al 2018, Sharma et al 2013, Demoliner et al 2018, Oliveira et al 2013 Stability Aspects exploited for improving stability include sunlight, oxidation, compound stability, and collagen stabilisation Scalia et al 2013, Ferreira-Nunes et al 2018, Jang et al 2014, Bianchi et al 2011, Madhan et al 2005, Gallego et al 2017 Relatively stable at low pH and the extraction efficiency of anti-oxidants was high Tsuchiya et...…”

“…In characterisation and quantification analyses using HPLC-ESI-MS/MS, the highest anti-oxidant activity levels in the edible parts of araticum fruits were in the peel, followed by the pulp, and then the seeds (Arruda et al 2017). In tests of cocoa bean husks using hot water treatment, anti-oxidant-rich extracts of phenol, sugar, and the obromine were produced when treated at 170°C for 30 min (Hernández-Hernández et al 2018). Artocarpus heterophyllus (A. hererophyllus) shell is a good source of natural anti-oxidants and other physiologically active substances including catechins, according to the results of various analyses, such as LC-MS/MS and GC/ MS (Sharma et al 2013).…”

Cocoa Bean Shell—A By-Product with Nutritional Properties and Biofunctional Potential

“…Macroporous resins have been used to increase the total polyphenol content of a CBS extract from 2.23% to 62.87% w/w CBS [93]. The polyphenolic content has been demonstrated to significantly vary depending on the geographic origin, variety, plant genotype, and even the harvest season [59,62]. Bruna et al attributed a higher polyphenol content to stress situations of the cocoa tree [94].…”

Antioxidant Compounds from Agro-Industrial Residue

“…Currently research in appropriate methodologies for the extraction of NEP is a priority topic because of the economic advantages of the use of ARs. Some examples of research on the best conditions for the extraction of NEP from ARs are those for the use of cocoa by-products, which involve extractions assisted by ultrasound [20,35], thermic treatment [59,60], hydrodynamic cavitation [35], pressurized liquids [50], pulsed electric field [61], subcritical water hydrolysis [62], and solid fermentation [63]. There are also reports on detailed chemical studies of the NEP structure thanks to modern analytical instrumentation, such as liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), electrospray/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOF-MS), LC Â LC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py/GC/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), which has been key to making detailed chemical studies of high-molecular-weight polyphenols [36,[64][65][66].…”

“…[20]. Extracts with high TPC (55 mg GAE/g) but low AA values (EC 50 8.18 mg/mL) were obtained by hydrothermal treatment (170°C, 30 min)[60], in comparison with those values for extracts obtained by UAE and maceration. Thermic treatment…”