Codex in Motion: Food Safety Standard Setting and Impacts on Developing Countries’ Agricultural Exports

Wieck, Christine; Grant, Jason H.

doi:10.1111/1746-692x.12293

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…17 Wieck and Grant present another example of how the competing interests of exporters of chocolate from countries with different levels of cadmium in their soils is shaping deliberations over the Codex standard for cadmium in chocolate products. 45 In contrast, the WHO has tighter limits on industry participation in national delegations and as observers. While representatives from CMF producers can attend various CAC committee meetings as part of member state delegations, Chapter V, Article 11 of the WHO Constitution explicitly states that national delegates to its governing body, the WHA, should be a health ministry official with appropriate technical qualifications.…”

Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition

Russ

Baker

Byrd

et al. 2021

Int J Health Policy Manag

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Background: International food standards set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC), have become more prominent in international trade politics, since being referenced by various World Trade Organization (WTO) agreements. The new standing of the CAC imposes limits on domestic public health regulation. We show this includes implementation of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. Methods: Using trade in commercial milk formulas (CMF) as a case study, we collected detailed data on interventions across various WTO bodies between 1995 and 2019. We used language from these interventions to guide data collection on member state and observer positions during the CAC review of the Codex Standard for Follow-up Formula (CSFUF), and during CAC discussions on the relevance of WHO policies and guidelines. Results: Exporting member states made 245 interventions regarding CMFs at the WTO, many citing deviations from standards set by the CAC. These did not occur in formal disputes, but in WTO Committee and Accession processes, toward many countries. In Thailand, complaints are linked to weakened regulation. Exporters also sought to narrow the CSFUF at the CAC in a way that is at odds with recommendations in the International Code. Tensions are growing more broadly within the CAC regarding relevance of WHO recommendations. Countries coordinated during WTO committee processes to advocate for reapportioning core WHO funding to the CAC and in order to further influence standard-setting. Conclusion: The commercial interests of the baby food industry are magnifying inconsistencies between health guidelines set by the WHO, standard-setting at the CAC, and functions of the WTO. This poses serious concerns for countries’ abilities to regulate in the interests of public health, in this case to protect breastfeeding and its benefits for the health of infants, children and mothers.

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Section: Conflicts Of Interestmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition

Russ

Baker

Byrd

et al. 2021

Int J Health Policy Manag

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The international agri-product market operates under multilateral rules. On the one hand, the WTO encourages members to comply with the international standards promulgated by the Codex Alimentations Commission (CAC) (Randall et al,1998;Wieck & Grant, 2021) [7,8]; on the other hand, to satisfy the quality preferences of customers from different importing countries and to ensure high-quality green free trade, the WTO also recognizes SPS measures formulated by various countries (Rigod, 2013) [9] Meanwhile, product-caused pollution broadly includes harm to human, animal, or plant life, as well as harm to the environment, which are the main components of the SPS measures that affect green free trade (Liu et al, 2022) [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on agri-products quality upgrading and environmental protection

Liu,

Qiu

2024

PLoS ONE

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Protecting human, animal, and plant life or health from additives, toxins, and contaminants in agri-products and promoting green free trade are the main components of Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) measures. However, the SPS measures are heterogeneous. This study examines the impact of SPS measures on the measured export quality and discusses their influence on the environmental protection of the exporting country. International heterogeneous measures do not necessarily promote quality upgrading but greatly increase transaction costs. By contrast, China’s agri-product’ quality upgrading and environmental pollution are in sharp contrast. Based on a heterogeneous firm-trade model, this study obtains three hypothetical propositions and conducts empirical regressions using the Tobit method. This study finds that heterogeneous SPS measures hinder quality upgrading because firms present a different quality upgrading trend, which in turn impedes the environmental protection of the exporting country; the quality upgrading made by diversified SOEs is higher than that of foreign firms and private firms; the quality upgrading made by general firms is higher than that of processing firms; and protective SPS measures have a stronger negative effect on quality upgrading and environmental protection.

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Review: Impact of food safety on global trade

Tibebu,

Tamrat,

Bahiru

2024

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Food safety encompasses the supply and assurance of safe, high‐quality food for consumers. It is a crucial aspect of food security, gaining greater global attention due to the increasing number of widespread foodborne incidents. International trade is expanding as countries increasingly rely on each other to secure a sufficient and diverse food supply. Beyond this, concerns about food safety have become more prevalent due to various factors. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the effects of food safety–associated risks on the international trade of food and related products. A total of 37 published studies retrieved using different search engines were included in this review. This review revealed that because of rapid population growth and rising food demand in developing nations, agricultural intensification is growing. It has been found that foodborne illnesses and associated discrepancies can impede the international trade of food commodities. Trade bans due to the fear of foodborne illnesses are growing. The consequences of foodborne diseases are multifaceted and include financial losses from trade restrictions, medical costs for prevention or control, resource depletion and a decline in food production. The overall effects are increased international trade tensions and livelihood vulnerability to poverty, notably for small‐scale livestock producers. Potential food contaminants include microbes, pesticides, pharmaceutical residues, heavy metals and fraudulent such as improper food processing, mislabelling, poor packaging, adulteration and substitution. Hence, countries are encouraged to harmonize the rights and duties set by the World Trade Organization under sanitary and phytosanitarys to maximize their advantages in global markets. Based on this evidence, we recommend that each country develop and integrate regulations that would ensure the safety of both domestic and international food production systems. Furthermore, the global community should either revise the current functioning food regulatory and monitoring body or establish a more genuine collaborative network.

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Codex in Motion: Food Safety Standard Setting and Impacts on Developing Countries’ Agricultural Exports

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition

What You Don’t Know About the Codex Can Hurt You: How Trade Policy Trumps Global Health Governance in Infant and Young Child Nutrition

Impact of sanitary and phytosanitary measures on agri-products quality upgrading and environmental protection

Review: Impact of food safety on global trade

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