Cognitive Functioning and Associated Factors in Older Adults: Results from the Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 (IFLS-5) in 2014-2015

Abstract

Objective. The study aims to investigate cognitive functioning and associated factors in a national general population-based sample of older Indonesians. Methods. Participants were 1228 older adults, 65 years and older (median age 70.0 years, Interquartile Range=6.0), who took part in the cross-sectional Indonesian Family Life Survey-5 (IFLS-5) in 2014-15. They were requested to provide information about sociodemographic and various health variables, including cognitive functioning measured with items from the Telephone Survey of Cognitive Status (TICS). Multivariable linear regression analysis was performed to assess the association of sociodemographic factors, health variables, and cognitive functioning. Results. The overall mean cognition score was 14.7 (SD=4.3) (range 0-34). In adjusted linear regression analysis, older age, having hypertension, and being underweight were negatively associated with better cognitive functioning and higher education was positively associated with better cognitive functioning. Conclusion. Several sociodemographic and health risk factors for poor cognitive functioning were identified which can guide intervention strategies in Indonesia.

Childhood Socioeconomic Status and Cognitive Function Later in Life: Evidence From a National Survey in Indonesia

“…It has been used in aging surveys in both high-income countries 33,34 and LMICs, including China and Indonesia. 35,36 The TICS was administered in face-to-face interviews for the IFLS. The questions from the TICS were translated into Indonesian and were piloted in 2 different provinces (Yogyakarta and West Nusa Tenggara) and in both rural and urban areas in Indonesia.…”

“…The tests included (1) an episodic memory test, in which the respondents were asked to recall as many words as possible from a list of 10 simple words immediately after the surveyor read the list and again at the end of the cognitive test (20 points); (2) a serial of 7s subtraction test, in which respondents were asked to subtract 7 from 100 five times (5 points), and (3) a backward counting from 20 test, in which respondents were asked to count backward from 20 for 10 consecutive numbers (2 points). Following prior studies, [33][34][35] we summed the scores on those 3 cognitive tests. The maximum total points on the cognitive test was 27 points.…”

Hubungan Insomnia dengan Hipertensi

“…Gangguan tidur termasuk insomnia telah dikaitkan dengan peningkatan tekanan darah dan risiko hipertensi dalam beberapa penelitian observasional epidemiologis (Kripke, Garfinkel and Wingard, 2002;Morin et al, 2006;Phillips and Mannino, 2007;Calhoun and Harding, 2010;Palagini et al, 2013;Calhoun, 2017;Alfi and Yuliwar, 2018). Banyak bukti menunjukkan bahwa kurang tidur dikaitkan dengan sejumlah hasil kesehatan termasuk hipertensi (Phillips and Mannino, 2007;Javahari et al, 2008;Li et al, 2017). Dalam analisis longitudinal dari First National Health and Nutrition (NHANES-I) di Amerika Serikat, durasi tidur yang pendek (≤5 jam/malam) dikaitkan dengan risiko kejadian hipertensi 60% lebih tinggi pada usia (32-59 tahun) dibandingkan dengan orang tanpa gangguan tidur, lama follow up rata-rata 8-10 tahun (Gangwisch et al, 2006).…”

“…Insomnia diklasifikasikan menggunakan kriteria "Insomnia Severity Index " (Morin et al, 2011). Insomnia signifikan secara klinis memiliki cut off point menggunakan instrumen PROMIS ≥21-50 (Pengpid, Peltzer and Susilowati, 2019). Pemeriksaan tekanan darah dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali sampai diperoleh rata-rata sistolik dan diastolik.…”

“…Studi menunjukkan durasi tidur singkat, terutama dalam bentuk ekstremnya ≤ 5 jam dikaitkan dengan risiko sederhana yang serupa (Phillips and Mannino, 2007). Gangwisch et al (2006) melaporkan bahwa durasi tidur ≤5 jam per malam, terkait dengan peningkatan risiko hipertensi secara signifikan pada responden usia 32 hingga 59 tahun, tetapi tidak pada responden berusia> 60 tahun setelah dikontrol variabel perancu (Gangwisch et al, 2006).…”