Cognitive Functions and Stereopsis in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease Using 3-Dimensional Television: A Case Controlled Trial

Lee, Chan Nyoung; Ko, Deokwon; Suh, Young Woo; Park, Kun Woo

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0123229

Cited by 23 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Deficits in motion perception have been associated with severity of dementia, and evidence suggests that AD patients may have impaired motion sensitivity due to selective damage to the magnocellular pathway [31, 65, 83, 99]. Although reduced depth perception and stereopsis have been linked with cognitive impairment, opinions regarding the effect of stereopsis in AD patients are mixed [31, 115, 158]. Finally, saccadic eye movement is among the most well-described deficits to ocular motor function in AD patients [36, 53].…”

Section: Visual Dysfunction In Ad Patients and Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular indicators of Alzheimer’s: exploring disease in the retina

et al. 2016

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Although historically perceived as a disorder confined to the brain, our understanding of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has expanded to include extra-cerebral manifestation, with mounting evidence of abnormalities in the eye. Among ocular tissues, the retina, a developmental outgrowth of the brain, is marked by an array of pathologies in patients suffering from AD, including nerve fiber layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells, and changes to vascular parameters. While the hallmark pathological signs of AD, amyloid β-protein (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) comprising hyperphosphorylated tau (pTau) protein, have long been described in the brain, identification of these characteristic biomarkers in the retina has only recently been reported. In particular, Aβ deposits were discovered in post-mortem retinas of advanced and early stage cases of AD, in stark contrast to non-AD controls. Subsequent studies have reported elevated Aβ42/40 peptides, morphologically diverse Aβ plaques, and pTau in the retina. In line with the above findings, animal model studies have reported retinal Aβ deposits and tauopathy, often correlated with local inflammation, retinal ganglion cell degeneration, and functional deficits. This review highlights the converging evidence that AD manifests in the eye, especially in the retina, which can be imaged directly and non-invasively. Visual dysfunction in AD patients, traditionally attributed to well-documented cerebral pathology, can now be reexamined as a direct outcome of retinal abnormalities. As we continue to study the disease in the brain, the emerging field of ocular AD warrants further investigation of how the retina may faithfully reflect the neurological disease. Indeed, detection of retinal AD pathology, particularly the early presenting amyloid biomarkers, using advanced high-resolution imaging techniques may allow large-scale screening and monitoring of at-risk populations.

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Section: Visual Dysfunction In Ad Patients and Animal Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular indicators of Alzheimer’s: exploring disease in the retina

et al. 2016

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“…Stereopsis is the perception of depth and 3D structure obtained from binocular vision. Studies have shown that patients with AD have reduced stereopsis as compared to control groups, and some also note a correlation between cognitive assessment scores and performance on stereopsis testing ( 59 , 60 ).…”

Section: Visual Manifestations Of Admentioning

confidence: 99%

Visual and Ocular Manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Use as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Progression

Javaid¹,

Brenton²,

Guo³

et al. 2016

Front. Neurol.

142

120

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia affecting the growing aging population today, with prevalence expected to rise over the next 35 years. Clinically, patients exhibit a progressive decline in cognition, memory, and social functioning due to deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein. These pathological hallmarks of AD are measured either through neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, or diagnosed post-mortem. Importantly, neuropathological progression occurs in the eye as well as the brain, and multiple visual changes have been noted in both human and animal models of AD. The eye offers itself as a transparent medium to cerebral pathology and has thus potentiated the development of ocular biomarkers for AD. The use of non-invasive screening, such as retinal imaging and visual testing, may enable earlier diagnosis in the clinical setting, minimizing invasive and expensive investigations. It also potentially improves disease management and quality of life for AD patients, as an earlier diagnosis allows initiation of medication and treatment. In this review, we explore the evidence surrounding ocular changes in AD and consider the biomarkers currently in development for early diagnosis.

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“…Some limited research on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and multiple sclerosis have reported deterioration of stereopsis in these patients. [20][21][22][23] Stereopsis in patients with DM has not been previously investigated at any stages of DR. Since strong evidence exists for neurodegeneration in early stages of diabetic retinopathy, 12 we speculate that some functional changes in depth perception may also be present at this stage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<p>Stereopsis in Early Diabetic Retinopathy</p>

Faraji¹,

Kangari²,

Majidi³

et al. 2020

OPTO

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Purpose: The present study was undertaken to compare the stereoacuities measured by TNO and Titmus tests, in diabetic patients with early retinopathies and those without diabetes (control group). Methods: In this study, 139 participants (43 with diabetes mellitus, and 96 age-matched controls) were recruited from a retina subspecialist clinic in Qazvin, Iran, from September 2016 to March 2017. The stereo-acuities were measured following subjective refraction by Titmus and TNO tests at 40 cm. The patients with diabetes whose retinal exam revealed no background retinopathy or only microaneurysms (very mild diabetic retinopathy) in the worse eye were enrolled into this study. Results: In the diabetic group, with TNO, the stereoacuity levels in 95.3% of the subjects were in 120, 240, and 480 levels, while in the non-diabetic group, 86.4% of the subjects were in 30, 60, and 120 levels. In the diabetic group, with Titmus, 86.1% of the subjects were in 40, 50, and 60 levels, while in the nondiabetic group 91.7% of the subjects were in 40 levels. The correlation between TNO and Titmus was statistically significant (r = 0.338, P<0.001) for the non-diabetic group, while it was not statistically significant (r = −0.034, P= 0.827) for the diabetic group. Conclusion: In the early stages of diabetic retinopathy, the global pathway of stereopsis is damaged more than the local. The difference in severity of damage to local and global pathways in patients with diabetes indicates that there may be different underlying mechanisms for these two pathways.

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Cognitive Functions and Stereopsis in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Alzheimer’s Disease Using 3-Dimensional Television: A Case Controlled Trial

Cited by 23 publications

References 50 publications

Ocular indicators of Alzheimer’s: exploring disease in the retina

Ocular indicators of Alzheimer’s: exploring disease in the retina

Visual and Ocular Manifestations of Alzheimer’s Disease and Their Use as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Progression

<p>Stereopsis in Early Diabetic Retinopathy</p>

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