Coliform Management: What are Utilities Doing to Mitigate Occurrences?

Abstract

This article presents case studies that detail the activities by water utilities to investigate microbial occurrences. The following investigative strategies are described: sampling and detection methods; disinfectant concentration; speciation; additional monitoring and analysis; biofilm pipe coupons; and, nutrients. The case studies also highlight mitigation strategies such as distribution system disinfectant, change in treatment, water quality, operation and maintenance, and source water monitoring.