Collagen Structure, Synthesis, and Its Applications: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Resorbable collagen has been utilized to treat wounds, close graft, and tooth extraction sites, and enhance recovery. Collagen-based membranes are also used as barriers in periodontal and implant therapy to limit epithelial migration and allow cells with the regenerative capacity to fill the problem area. This systematic review was carried out to analyze the studies focusing on collagen structure, synthesis, and its applications. A detailed and extensive search was performed with the help of the keywords "collagen structure", "collagen synthesis" and "collagen applications". There was extensive literature search in reliable and authentic databases like PubMed, Scopus, Web of Sciences, Ovidsp, and Cochrane library to obtain papers focusing on collagen structure, synthesis, and applications. During the systematic review, data were obtained concerning the following parameters. Type of study, nature of aim of the study, size of the sample in the study, gender and age of the subjects included in the study, prevalence of skin diseases where collagen was used for treatment, dose of collagen used, form in which collagen was used, the origin of collagen used, analysis of different variables, structure, and synthesis of collagen. Twenty-two studies were included in this systematic review. The studies discussed the structure, synthesis, and applications of collagen in treatment. In studies focusing on the application of collagen supplements, most of the study subjects were females (68.3%). The study subjects included both healthy and unhealthy subjects. The study subjects were divided into two categories. One category was the intervention group, while another group was the placebo group. Collagen was administered in hydrolysate form (90%) in some studies, bovine form (2.3%), and porcine form (3.4%) in other studies. Collagen supplementation was found to provide better results in both healthy and unhealthy effects in improving the health of skin, cornea, bone, periodontium, face, etc. It can be concluded that collagen is an integral part of the body. The application of collagen supplements can be pretty effective in maintaining the proper health of several important structures of the body like skin, face, cornea, nails, periodontium, etc. Thus, a detailed study of the molecular structure of collagen and genes associated with each type of collagen is essential for further research and treatment of collagen-associated disorders.

Collagen Supplementation for Joint Health: The Link between Composition and Scientific Knowledge

“…Whereas scientific community in the 1970s talked about only four types of genetically distinct collagens [ 23 ], at present it is generally accepted that collagen superfamily comprises up to 28 members that differ from each other in molecular composition as well as in their supramolecular organization within the ECM [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. The occurrence of an additional collagen type, called collagen XXIX, has been also claimed by some authors [ 28 , 29 ], although, given that COL29A1 gene was shown to be identical to the COL6A5 gene and that the a1(XXIX) chain corresponds to the a5(VI) [ 30 ], collagen XXIX is not generally accepted as a genetically distinct family [ 24 ].…”

Green biomanufacturing in recombinant collagen biosynthesis: trends and selection in various expression systems

“…The structure of the collagen molecule can also influence its biosynthesis. 3,125 For example, collagen biosynthesis is affected by the ratio of the triple helix to α-helix structure, the molecular weight and the amino acid sequence of the collagen. The triple helical structure of the type I collagen heterotrimer may protect the molecule to some extent from enzymatic breakdown.…”

“…The collagen peptide scaffold is a medical scaffold that utilizes the biocompatibility, biodegradability, and biological activity of collagen peptides as a material for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. 3 Using scaffolds to aid in tissue regrowth and repair allows for the treatment of various tissue defects. In the medical field, collagen peptide scaffolds have been used to repair and regenerate bone, cartilage, dental, cardiovascular, and neural tissues.…”

“…has been constantly synthesized, and the global annual market value was estimated at approximately $6.63 billion by 2025. [2][3][4] Based on amino acid sequences, structures, and functions, 29 different types of collagen have been identified. 4,5 They are named types I to XXIX, respectively, and types I to XIII are relatively common collagen types, with types I, II, and III making up about 90% of the total collagen in the body.…”

“…), highly related to tissue strength, durability, and flexibility. 3 Currently popular as biomedical materials, recombinant collagens were made into medical treatment appliance products, including skin tissue fillers, drug delivery systems, medical absorbable sutures, and tissue engineering scaffolds (Fig. 2).…”