Collective intelligence defines biological functions in Wikipedia as communities in the hidden protein connection network

Abstract

English Wikipedia, containing more than five millions articles, has approximately eleven thousands web 1 pages devoted to proteins or genes most of which were generated by the Gene Wiki project. These pages 2 contain information about interactions between proteins and their functional relationships. At the same time, 3 they are interconnected with other Wikipedia pages describing biological functions, diseases, drugs and other 4 topics curated by independent, not coordinated collective efforts. Therefore, Wikipedia contains a directed 5 network of protein functional relations or physical interactions embedded into the global network of the 6 encyclopedia terms, which defines hidden (indirect) functional proximity between proteins. We applied the 7 recently developed reduced Google Matrix (REGOMAX) algorithm in order to extract the network of hidden 8 functional connections between proteins in Wikipedia. In this network we discovered tight communities 9which reflect areas of interest in molecular biology or medicine. Moreover, by comparing two snapshots of 10 Wikipedia graph (from years 2013 and 2017), we studied the evolution of the network of direct and hidden 11 protein connections. We concluded that the hidden connections are more dynamic compared to the direct 12 ones and that the size of the hidden interaction communities grows with time. We recapitulate the results of 13 Wikipedia protein community analysis and annotation in the form of an interactive online map, which can 14 serve as a portal to the Gene Wiki project. 15 24 25Wikipedia is a resource curated by a decentralized community effort (collective intelligence), which also 26 includes semi-automated page generation from other structured resources. With time, automatically generated 27

World impact of kernel European Union 9 countries from Google matrix analysis of the world trade network

“…The efficiency of the above Google matrix methods has been demonstrated not only for the WTN but also for variety of other directed networks including Wikipedia networks [25,[28][29][30] and biological networks of protein-protein interactions [31,32].…”

Networked Pantheon: a Relational Database of Globally Famous People

“…In recent years, there has been growing scientific interest in the organization of the knowledge stored in Wikipedia. On the one hand, the information structured in this digital encyclopedia has been used as input to study a large number of phenomena, such as historical trends (Jara-Figueroa et al, 2016;Menini et al, 2017;Reznik & Shatalov, 2016;Schich et al, 2014), links between languages (Aragon et al, 2012;Ban et al, 2017;Eom et al, 2015;Mehler et al, 2011;Ronen et al, 2014), geopolitical instabilities (Apic et al, 2011), global prestige of universities (Lages et al, 2016), underlying connections between proteins (Zinovyev et al, 2020) and the influence of infectious diseases (Rollin et al, 2019). On the other hand, it has also been used to analyze the "systemic biases" of Wikipedia's collective repository, emphasizing differences in the degree of information on various territories (Beytía, 2020;Graham et al, 2015;Roll et al, 2016), cultures (Eom et al, 2015;Nemoto & Gloor, 2011;Overell & Rüger, 2011) and genders (Gruwell, 2015;Shane-Simpson & Gillespie-Lynch, 2017).…”