Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) in Honey Bees Caused by EMF Radiation

Abstract

Honey bees are one of the treasures in the world. An increase of waveform communication leads to good information exchange of mankind. In the biological view, it causes a lot of side effects and lifestyle changes in other living organisms. The drastic changes are causing the natural imbalance in the ecosystem and become a global issue. There are significant reasons for bee colony collapse disorder (CCD) like pesticides, disease and climate change. Recent studies reveal that a cell phone tower and mobile phone handset are also causing side effects to honey bees due to radiation emission. Most of the researchers concentrated on biological and behavioral changes in a honey bee due to radiation effects. For that, the real-time radiation levels have experimented but the different technical perspectives such as radiation emission levels, handset radiation emission measures and multi-sources of radiation are needed to be considered during research. This study aimed to provide possible research extensions of colony collapse disordercaused by cell tower and mobile handsets.

Bee Stressors from an Immunological Perspective and Strategies to Improve Bee Health

“…According to certain studies, honeybees do not rely on the electromagnetic field (EMF) to navigate, and many apiaries that are experiencing losses are in rural areas where cell phone service is absent. The World Health Organization confirmed the same data; however, some researchers revealed that there was standard evidence that the EMF could cause damage in honeybees [ 95 , 96 ]. It was associated with increased bees activity, increased inside temperature, increased queen loss, abnormal real cell production, weight loss, and reduced operculated brood [ 97 ].…”

Electromagnetic fields disrupt the pollination service by honeybees

“…This leads to fewer honeybees returning to the colony, disorientation, or even a total loss of adult foragers (colony collapse disorder) ( 25 ). These negative effects of EMF could cascade into a number of additional effects on insects’ physiology and behavior, including less pollen and honey harvested ( 26 , 27 ), impaired learning ability, flight dynamics, foraging, and feeding ( 28 ), as well as increased piping in the colony ( 29 ). Hence, perturbations in terms of EMF from anthropic sources would disrupt the pollination services provided by honeybees, as they would avoid places exposed to EMF ( 24 ).…”

Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Field Impairs the Development of Honeybee (Apis cerana)

“…This causes numerous foraging bees to lose their ability to return home [ 29 ]. Electromagnetic fields were therefore taken as one of the factors responsible for honeybee colony collapse disorder (CCD) [ 30 ].…”