Combined Esterified Estrogen and Methyltestosterone Treatment for Dry Eye Syndrome in Postmenopausal Women

Adeno-Associated Virus–Mediated IL-10 Gene Transfer Suppresses Lacrimal Gland Immunopathology in a Rabbit Model of Autoimmune Dacryoadenitis

“…The notion that therapeutic interventions permit intrinsic, cell-mediated regulatory mechanisms to become established also suggests an explanation for the finding that intervals of 4 weeks or longer were often required before the therapeutic efficacy of systemic androgen replacement became evident. 31 The anomalous behavior of rabbit 227 raises questions that must be answered before the promise of AAV-mediated vIL-10 gene transfer therapy can be evaluated. By week 16, Schirmer test scores, tear BUT scores, and Rose Bengal staining scores in rabbit 227 were no worse than in untreated animals.…”

The effects of transdermal testosterone and oestrogen therapy on dry eye in postmenopausal women: a randomised, placebo-controlled, pilot study

“…Although topical and systemic androgen administration is purported to improve signs and symptoms of dry eye in patients with Sjögren's syndrome and dry eye,4 11–15 this is yet to be confirmed in prospective and controlled clinical trials. Two retrospective case series describe improved dry eye symptoms following transdermal androgen patch therapy in women with low testosterone16 and after combined androgen and oestrogen therapy in postmenopausal women 15. Similarly, in a case report, treatment with testosterone cream applied to the eyelids appeared to normalise tear lipid layer thickness and stability 14.…”

Medical Management of Dry Eye Disease

“…Oral oestrogen replacement is not helpful and has potential systemic risks [52]. Although no benefit effect has been demonstrated for topical oestrogens, there may be an effect for combined oral oestrogen and androgen [53]. The role of topical androgens (e.g.…”