Combined Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolite Profiling of Different Pigmented Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Seeds and Correlation with Antioxidant Activities

Abstract

Nine varieties of pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds that were black, red, or white were used to perform metabolite profiling by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) and gas chromatography (GC) TOF-MS, to measure antioxidant activities. Clear grouping patterns determined by the color of the rice seeds were identified in principle component analysis (PCA) derived from UPLC-Q-TOF-MS. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, proanthocyanidin dimer, proanthocyanidin trimer, apigenin-6-C-glugosyl-8-C-arabiboside, tricin-O-rhamnoside-O-hexoside, and lipids were identified as significantly different secondary metabolites. In PCA score plots derived from GC-TOF-MS, Jakwangdo (JKD) and Ilpoom (IP) species were discriminated from the other rice seeds by PC1 and PC2. Valine, phenylalanine, adenosine, pyruvate, nicotinic acid, succinic acid, maleic acid, malonic acid, gluconic acid, xylose, fructose, glucose, maltose, and myo-inositol were significantly different primary metabolites in JKD species, while GABA, asparagine, xylitol, and sucrose were significantly distributed in IP species. Analysis of antioxidant activities revealed that black and red rice seeds had higher activity than white rice seeds. Cyanidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, proanthocyanidin dimers, proanthocyanidin OPEN ACCESSMolecules 2014, 19 15674 trimers, and catechin were highly correlated with antioxidant activities, and were more plentiful in black and red rice seeds. These results are expected to provide valuable information that could help improve and develop rice-breeding techniques.

Extraction of anthocyanins and polyphenols from black rice (Oryza sativa L.) by modeling and assessing their reversibility and stability

“…Therefore, the higher the anthocyanin content, the higher the antioxidant activity (Zhang, Shao, Bao, & Beta, 2015). Similarly, Kim et al (2014) studied the chemical composition and antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH) nine varieties of pigmented rice (O. sativa L.) and verified that cyanidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, proanthocyanidin dimers, proanthocyanidin trimers, and catechin presented a high and significant correlation with the antioxidant data. In a recent study conducted by Jun, Shin, Song, and Kim (2015), ferulic acid (178.3 lg g À1 ) was the major phenolic compound in a fraction of the ethyl acetate extract from black rice bran and the antioxidant activity (ABTS, DPPH, and reducing power) was closely correlated to the total content of phenolic compounds in the organic extracts.…”

Activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis by expression of the radish R2R3-MYB transcription factor gene RsMYB1

“…The 2,2 0 -azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assay, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay were performed as described by Kim et al (2014), with some modifications. For the ABTS assay, 7 mM ABTS was mixed with 2.45 mM potassium persulfate and the mixture was stored for 12 h in the dark at room temperature.…”

Overexpression of snapdragon Delila (Del) gene in tobacco enhances anthocyanin accumulation and abiotic stress tolerance

“…Subsequently, uniform, healthy WT and transgenic plants with the appropriate anthocyanin phenotypes were transferred to individual pots. Prior to performing stress treatments, DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity, as well as total polyphenol content, were determined for each line (5 plants per line) following the methods of Kim et al [50] and Lim et al [35]. …”

“…Radical scavenging activity from five samples per line was measured before and after salt stress using DPPH and ABTS assays, repeated in triplicate, (following Kim et al [50]; Lim et al [35]).…”