Combined Metabolome and Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Effects of Mycorrhizal Fungus Ceratobasidium sp. AR2 on the Flavonoid Accumulation in Anoectochilus roxburghii during Different Growth Stages

Abstract

Anoectochilus roxburghii is a traditional Chinese herb with high medicinal value, with main bioactive constituents which are flavonoids. It commonly associates with mycorrhizal fungi for its growth and development. Moreover, mycorrhizal fungi can induce changes in the internal metabolism of host plants. However, its role in the flavonoid accumulation in A. roxburghii at different growth stages is not well studied. In this study, combined metabolome and transcriptome analyses were performed to investigate the metabolic and transcriptional profiling in mycorrhizal A. roxburghii (M) and non-mycorrhizal A. roxburghii (NM) growth for six months. An association analysis revealed that flavonoid biosynthetic pathway presented significant differences between the M and NM. Additionally, the structural genes related to flavonoid synthesis and different flavonoid metabolites in both groups over a period of six months were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The results showed that Ceratobasidium sp. AR2 could increase the accumulation of five flavonol-glycosides (i.e., narcissin, rutin, isorhamnetin-3-O-beta-d-glucoside, quercetin-7-O-glucoside, and kaempferol-3-O-glucoside), two flavonols (i.e., quercetin and isorhamnetin), and two flavones (i.e., nobiletin and tangeretin) to some degrees. The qRT-PCR showed that the flavonoid biosynthetic genes (PAL, 4CL, CHS, GT, and RT) were significantly differentially expressed between the M and NM. Overall, our findings indicate that AR2 induces flavonoid metabolism in A. roxburghii during different growth stages, especially in the third month. This shows great potential of Ceratobasidium sp. AR2 for the quality improvement of A. roxburghii.

LED Lights Promote Growth and Flavonoid Accumulation of Anoectochilus roxburghii and Are Linked to the Enhanced Expression of Several Related Genes

“…The experiment is considered to be different when processing ANOVA statistics of 03 replications with p -value < 0.05. Specific primers for analysis were described by Yang et al [ 67 ]; Zhang et al [ 68 ], and Zhang et al [ 69 , 70 ]. The specific gene primers involved in flavonoids biosynthesis-related genes expression are presented in Supplementary Table S1 .…”

Insight into Seasonal Change of Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, and Anti-Aging Activities of Root Bark of Paeonia suffruticosa (Cortex Moutan) Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis

“…Monoterpenoids are present as ubiquitous phytochemicals in the CM extracts, which are characterized by two isoprene units and have the molecular formula C10H16. Among them, morroniside (4), loganin (13), geniposide (14), oxypaeoniflorin (16), paeoniflorin (23) and benzoyl paeoniflorin (47) were precisely identified by comparing with their reference standards, respectively. Moreover, 8-Debenzoylpaeoniflorin (1), mudanoside A (7), debenzoylgalloylpaeoniflorin (12), mudanpioside E (18), paeonolide (22), galloyloxy paeoniflorin (25), galloyl paeoniflorin (31), mudanploside H (37), mudanpioside C (43), benzoyloxypaeoniflorin (44), and mudanpioside J (45) were tentatively identified as monoterpenoids.…”

“…As known, the biological efficacy of plant medicine is the result of the overall regulation of a series of phytochemicals. A large number of phytochemicals that are responsible for the bioactivity are affected by the different growth periods [14,15]. It has been found that the optimal time to harvest the P. suffruticosa flower is before the early flowering stage, due to the excellent antioxidant and anti-photoaging activities and the high levels of bioactive phytochemicals.…”

Orchid Biochemistry

“…Zhang et al profiled metabolome and transcriptome in the symbiosis between a mycorrhizal fungus, Ceratobasidium sp. AR2, and a medicinal orchid, Anoectochilus roxburghii [10]. They concluded that C. sp.…”