Combining culturing and 16S rDNA sequencing to reveal seasonal and room variations of household airborne bacteria and correlative environmental factors in nanjing, southeast china

Abstract

Bioaerosols are ubiquitous in indoor and outdoor environment. 1 They are tiny airborne particles, usually ranging from 0.001 nm to 100 μm, containing pathogenic and non-pathogenic dead or alive microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and virus). 2,3 Fine bioaerosols tend to suspend for a long time in the air, varying from several minutes and even hours depending on their size. [4][5][6] Exposure to bioaerosols potentially poses adverse health effects, including infectious and respiratory diseases, allergies, and even cancer. 3,7 People spend about 85% of their lifetime indoors, and remarkably 70% of which was spent at home. 8 It is of importance to characterize bioaerosols in residential homes for better indoor air quality and human health.Abundant studies based on culture-based or culture-independent methods have investigated bioaerosols in residences 9,21-23 as well

Comparison of airborne bacteria and fungi in different types of buildings in a temperate climate zone city, Kunming, China

“…For bacterial diversity analysis, the universal primer (343F-5'-TACGGRAGGCAGCAG-3' and 798R-5'-AGGGTATCTAATCCT-3') was used to amplify the V3-V4 hypervariable regions of the bacterial 16S rDNA gene. 13 For fungal diversity analysis, the universal primer (ITS1F-5'-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3' and ITS2-5'-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3') was used to amplify the ITS hypervariable regions. 38 The detailed information of the collected samples has been provided in Table 1.…”

“…29 Zhai et al 30 proposed that the 'inhalable coarse particles' with a diameter of 2.5 to 10 μm and the 'fine particles' smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter can enter the human inner body, 31 while most of the bioaerosols larger than 10 μm will deposit in the upper respiratory tract. 32 Ye et al 13 also revealed that particles <4.7 μm size range could penetrate the lower respiratory tract, such as the trachea, bronchus and alveolus. 13,33 Thus, the identification of factors that could affect the size distribution of bioaerosols in a built environment is important, as many studies have shown.…”

“…32 Ye et al 13 also revealed that particles <4.7 μm size range could penetrate the lower respiratory tract, such as the trachea, bronchus and alveolus. 13,33 Thus, the identification of factors that could affect the size distribution of bioaerosols in a built environment is important, as many studies have shown. 30,34 For example, Li et al 3 claimed that the size distribution of airborne bacteria and fungi are associated with indoor sources and human occupancy.…”

“…Many studies have investigated distributions of bioaerosols in one type of buildings, such as residences, [13][14][15][16] hospitals, [17][18][19][20] schools, 21,22 office buildings [23][24][25] and libraries. 26,27 The factors influencing bioaerosol concentration have also been explored, such as seasonal changes, 13 different indoor environments, 14 ventilation systems, 17 filtration, 23 the number of occupants. 26,28 In addition, Kadaifciler also found that the deterioration of books can also cause higher fungal activity in a library.…”

Extension of bacterial rDNA sequencing to concurrent epigenetic analysis and its application to 16S meta-epigenetics

“…Combined with short-read next-generation sequencing (NGS), 16S rDNA gene amplicon-based metagenomic analysis of bacterial communities is possible and relatively straightforward (1). At present, 16S rDNA sequencing has been widely incorporated in the field of science, including food analysis (2)(3)(4), environmental surveys (5,6), and clinical tests (7)(8)(9)(10).…”