Comment on: Laparoscopic versus open colectomy for locally advanced T4 colonic cancer: meta-analysis of clinical and oncological outcomes

Abstract

In this glossary of plant cell structures, we asked experts to summarize a present-day view of plant organelles and structures, including a discussion of outstanding questions. In the following short reviews, authors discuss the complexities of the plant cell endomembrane system, exciting connections between organelles, novel insights into peroxisome structure and function, dynamics of mitochondria, and the mysteries that need to be unlocked from the plant cell wall. These discussions are focused through a lens of new microscopy techniques. Advanced imaging has uncovered unexpected shapes, dynamics and intricate membrane formations. With a continued focus in the next decade, these imaging modalities coupled with functional studies are sure to begin to unravel mysteries of the plant cell. Plant nucleus: a giant in the organelle galaxyThe nucleus can be viewed as a gigantic organelle and is defined by a double-layered membrane structure called the nuclear envelope (NE). The NE sequesters the nuclear genome and spatially separates transcription from translation, an evolutionary invention that enables remarkable functions and regulations in the eukaryotic cell. Here, we briefly summarize current views in key aspects of the plant nucleus, including structure, composition, dynamics, and function, from the surface to the interior. Nuclear envelope protein composition and functionThe NE is thought to have evolved from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and coated vesicles and is composed of the outer nuclear membrane (ONM) and the inner nuclear membrane (INM), both of which harbor distinct collections of proteins that make the NE a platform for versatile functions and communications. Plant NE proteins have been reported to function in nuclear calcium signaling