Comment on "Large Volcanic Aerosol Load in the Stratosphere Linked to Asian Monsoon Transport"

Vernier, Jean‐Paul; Thomason, L. W.; Fairlie, T. D.; Minnis, Patrick; Palikonda, Rabindra; Bedka, Kristopher M.

doi:10.1126/science.1227817

Cited by 52 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The Bidart section is generally considered as one of the most complete Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary sections worldwide because of a thin clay layer and Ir anomaly (Bonté et al, 1984;Ward and Kennedy, 1993;Vonhof and Smit, 1997;Galbrun and Gardin, 2004). However, in previous studies, the zone CF1 index species was not observed, leaving doubt as to the presence of a complete sediment record below the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary.…”

Section: Age and Correlation With Deccan Phasementioning

confidence: 79%

Atmospheric halogen and acid rains during the main phase of Deccan eruptions: Magnetic and mineral evidence

Font¹,

Fabre²,

Nédélec³

et al. 2014

Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects

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Section: Age and Correlation With Deccan Phasementioning

confidence: 79%

Atmospheric halogen and acid rains during the main phase of Deccan eruptions: Magnetic and mineral evidence

Font¹,

Fabre²,

Nédélec³

et al. 2014

Volcanism, Impacts, and Mass Extinctions: Causes and Effects

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“…To provide statistically significant QBO signatures, we therefore decided to analyse the entire MIPAS time series, even though the time frames do not coincide. It should also be emphasised that the Höpfner et al (2013) climatology inherently contains the signatures of direct volcanic injections and from volcanic material which is rapidly uplifted from the troposphere into the LS (discussed in Bourassa et al, 2012;Vernier et al, 2011Vernier et al, , 2013. Such a volcanic influence on the Junge layer is, as mentioned above, not considered in our model simulation.…”

Section: Observational Aerosol Datamentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Note that, in contrast to the simulation, where we used the t-test, for observational data sets (CCMI and MI-PAS) we employed the F statistics to compare the amplitude of the QBO spectral peaks to the red noise spectrum (e.g. Gilman et al, 1963;von Storch and Zwiers, 1999).…”

Section: Surface Area Densitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quasi-biennial oscillation of the tropical stratospheric aerosol layer

et al. 2015

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Abstract. This study describes how aerosol in an aerosolcoupled climate model of the middle atmosphere is influenced by the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) during times when the stratosphere is largely unperturbed by volcanic material. In accordance with satellite observations, the vertical extent of the stratospheric aerosol layer in the tropics is modulated by the QBO by up to 6 km, or ∼ 35 % of its mean vertical extent between 100-7 hPa (about 16-33 km). Its largest vertical extent lags behind the occurrence of strongest QBO westerlies. The largest reduction lags behind maximum QBO easterlies. Strongest QBO signals in the aerosol surface area (30 %) and number densities (up to 100 % e.g. in the Aitken mode) are found in regions where aerosol evaporates, that is above the 10 hPa pressure level (∼ 31 km). Positive modulations are found in the QBO easterly shear, negative modulations in the westerly shear. Below 10 hPa, in regions where the aerosol mixing ratio is largest (50-20 hPa, or ∼ 20-26 km), in most of the analysed parameters only moderate statistically significant QBO signatures (< 10 %) have been found.QBO signatures in the model prognostic aerosol mixing ratio are significant at the 95 % confidence level throughout the tropical stratosphere where modelled mixing ratios exceed 0.1 ppbm. In some regions of the tropical lower stratosphere the QBO signatures in other analysed parameters are partly not statistically significant. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of the QBO signature in the prognostic mixing ratios are up to twice as large as seasonal variations in the region where aerosols evaporate and between 70-30 hPa. Between the tropical tropopause and 70 hPa the QBO signature is relatively weak and seasonal variations dominate the variability of the simulated Junge layer. QBO effects on the upper lid of the tropical aerosol layer turn the quasi-static balance between processes maintaining the layer's vertical extent into a cyclic balance when considering this dominant mode of atmospheric variability. Global aerosol-interactive models without a QBO are only able to simulate the quasistatic balance state. To assess the global impact of stratospheric aerosols on climate processes, those partly nonlinear relationships between the QBO and stratospheric aerosols have to be taken into account.

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“…Numerous previous studies have documented this eruption, with many of them focusing on whether Nabro injected SO 2 directly into the stratosphere or whether the injection was associated with monsoon circulation (Bourassa et al, 2012(Bourassa et al, , 2013Sawamura et al, 2012;Vernier et al, 2013;Fromm et al, 2013Fromm et al, , 2014Clarisse et al, 2014;Biondi et al, 2016).…”

Section: Africa: Dalafilla Nabromentioning

confidence: 99%

The vertical distribution of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> plumes measured by IASI

et al. 2016

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Abstract. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) is an important atmospheric constituent that plays a crucial role in many atmospheric processes. Volcanic eruptions are a significant source of atmospheric SO 2 and its effects and lifetime depend on the SO 2 injection altitude. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) on the METOP satellite can be used to study volcanic emission of SO 2 using high-spectral resolution measurements from 1000 to 1200 and from 1300 to 1410 cm −1 (the 7.3 and 8.7 µm SO 2 bands) returning both SO 2 amount and altitude data. The scheme described in Carboni et al. (2012) has been applied to measure volcanic SO 2 amount and altitude for 14 explosive eruptions from 2008 to 2012. The work includes a comparison with the following independent measurements: (i) the SO 2 column amounts from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull plumes have been compared with Brewer ground measurements over Europe; (ii) the SO 2 plumes heights, for the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull and 2011 Grimsvötn eruptions, have been compared with CALIPSO backscatter profiles. The results of the comparisons show that IASI SO 2 measurements are not affected by underlying cloud and are consistent (within the retrieved errors) with the other measurements. The series of analysed eruptions (2008 to 2012) show that the biggest emitter of volcanic SO 2 was Nabro, followed by Kasatochi and Grímsvötn. Our observations also show a tendency for volcanic SO 2 to reach the level of the tropopause during many of the moderately explosive eruptions observed. For the eruptions observed, this tendency was independent of the maximum amount of SO 2 (e.g. 0.2 Tg for Dalafilla compared with 1.6 Tg for Nabro) and of the volcanic explosive index (between 3 and 5).

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Comment on "Large Volcanic Aerosol Load in the Stratosphere Linked to Asian Monsoon Transport"

Cited by 52 publications

References 6 publications

Atmospheric halogen and acid rains during the main phase of Deccan eruptions: Magnetic and mineral evidence

Atmospheric halogen and acid rains during the main phase of Deccan eruptions: Magnetic and mineral evidence

Quasi-biennial oscillation of the tropical stratospheric aerosol layer

The vertical distribution of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> plumes measured by IASI

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Comment on "Large Volcanic Aerosol Load in the Stratosphere Linked to Asian Monsoon Transport"

Cited by 52 publications

References 6 publications

Atmospheric halogen and acid rains during the main phase of Deccan eruptions: Magnetic and mineral evidence

Atmospheric halogen and acid rains during the main phase of Deccan eruptions: Magnetic and mineral evidence

Quasi-biennial oscillation of the tropical stratospheric aerosol layer

The vertical distribution of volcanic SO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; plumes measured by IASI

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The vertical distribution of volcanic SO<sub>2</sub> plumes measured by IASI