Comment on “Record solar UV irradiance in the tropical Andes, by Cabrol et al.”

McKenzie, Richard; Bernhard, Germar; Madronich, S.; Zaratti, Francesco

doi:10.3389/fenvs.2015.00026

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“… claim the report of the world's highest levels of surface UVR in the Chajnantor Plateau (23.00°S, 67.75°W, 5100 m asl, Chile), northern Atacama Desert, with UVI of 20 under broken‐cloudy skies (see Table ). Such a figure is certainly among the highest UVI ever reported in the world , but its 11% augmentation in relation to the cloudless sky EDR (UVI = 18) in the Plateau is not one of the highest percentages in terms of radiation enhancement event. In fact, the 11% augmentation is smaller than the typical 2 σ uncertainty (14.2%) for radiometers or the spectroradiometer used by Cordero et al .…”

Section: The Edr Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Daily Maximum Erythemal Dose Rates in the Tropics

Silva¹,

Yamamoto

Correa

2018

Photochem & Photobiology

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The maximum erythemal dose rate (EDRmax) at the Earth's surface tends to occur at local noon. However, clouds can make the timing of EDRmax significantly away from local noon. In fact, EDRmax and its time of occurrence depend mainly on the solar zenith angle at noon (SZAn), site's altitude, the total ozone column (TOC), cloud cover, cloud genera and aerosols. This work depicts the daily incidence of EDRmax for Belo Horizonte (19.92°S, 43.94°W, 858 m a.s.l.) in the Southern Hemisphere tropics for a period of five years (2005–2010). Daily values of EDRmax ranged from 0.063 W m−2 (1σ > 6.9%, Moderate UV‐Index of 3, winter) to 0.486 W m−2 (Extreme UVI of 19, summer). Indicative values of EDRmax for cloudless days were 0.336 W m−2 (summer, TOC = 258 Dobson Units), 0.311 W m−2 (fall, 260 DU), 0.253 W m−2 (spring, 274 DU) and 0.143 W m−2 (winter, 246 DU). Radiation enhancement events by clouds made EDRmax up to 45% higher than the reference EDRmax for cloudless summer skies at a time resolution of a few minutes. The main cloud genera to be associated with such events are Cumulus, Altocumulus, Altostratus and Stratocumulus. The EDR can also be significantly affected by aerosols, which attenuated on average 0.031 W m−2 (22%) of the erythemal UV in a case study at the site.

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Section: The Edr Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Daily Maximum Erythemal Dose Rates in the Tropics

Silva¹,

Yamamoto

Correa

2018

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…Similar positive biases with increasing cloudiness were also reported. 201,203 [206][207][208][209] that the highest UVI on Earth of greater than 20 occurs in Peru, Bolivia, and Chile at high elevations of the Andes Mountains during summer months ( Fig. 9).…”

Section: Satellite Validationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone—climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation

Bais

Bernhard

McKenzie

et al. 2019

Photochem Photobiol Sci

150

149

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“…Because measurements of such a high ambient UV radiation could compromise instruments producing undesired artifacts, Mackenzie et al . have questioned these results and have recommended recalibrating the instruments used and having additional caution in reporting such high levels of UV doses, which may otherwise undermine the understanding of important aspects of atmospheric sciences. Current efforts from an interdisciplinary team of microbiologists and climatologists to systematically established climatological stations in select HAALs are in progress.…”

Section: High‐altitude Andean Lakes: Empire Of the Sunmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In turn, at the Northwestern city of La Quiaca (22.11°S, 65.57°W, 3459 m) in the Puna region, the UV Ery was as high as 3.6 in July and 9.5 in January. In accordance, the calculated average UVI in conditions of normal ozone and albedo conditions-at noon on December 21, 2001 (59) (64) have questioned these results and have recommended recalibrating the instruments used and having additional caution in reporting such high levels of UV doses, which may otherwise undermine the understanding of important aspects of atmospheric sciences. Current efforts from an interdisciplinary team of microbiologists and climatologists to systematically established climatological stations in select HAALs are in progress.…”

Section: High-altitude Andean Lakes: Empire Of the Sunmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forged Under the Sun: Life and Art of Extremophiles from Andean Lakes

Albarracín

Gärtner

Farı́as

2015

Photochem & Photobiology

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High-altitude Andean lakes (HAAL) are a treasure chest for microbiological research in South America. Their indigenous microbial communities are exposed to extremely high UV irradiation and to multiple chemical extremes (Arsenic, high salt content, alkalinity). Microbes are found both, free-living or associated into microbial mats with different degrees of mineralization and lithification, including unique modern stromatolites located at 3570 m above sea level. Characterization of these polyextremophilic microbes began only recently, employing morphological and phylogenetic methods as well as high-throughput sequencing and proteomics approach. Aside from providing a general overview on microbial communities, special attention is given to various survival strategies; HAAL's microbes present a complex system of shared genetic and physiological mechanisms (UV-resistome) based on UV photoreceptors and stress sensors with their corresponding response regulators, UV avoidance and protection strategies, damage tolerance and UV damage repair. Molecular information will be provided for what is, so far the most studied HAAL molecule, a CPD-Class I photolyase from Acinetobacter Ver3 (Laguna Verde, 4400 m). This work further proposes some strategies that make an appeal for the preservation of HAAL, a highly fragile environment that offers promising and ample research possibilities.

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Comment on “Record solar UV irradiance in the tropical Andes, by Cabrol et al.”

Cited by 13 publications

References 17 publications

Daily Maximum Erythemal Dose Rates in the Tropics

Daily Maximum Erythemal Dose Rates in the Tropics

Ozone—climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation

Forged Under the Sun: Life and Art of Extremophiles from Andean Lakes

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