“…The specific focus of this research is to determine that the four factors comprising university brand image in the eyes of students in England, Spain and Portugal are significant and thereby demonstrating the validity of results applying the global model previously developed by Alcaide-Pulido et al (2017) and applied by Manzoor, Ho, and Al Mahmud (2020) to investigate the influence on students' citizenship behaviour in the context of HEIs' achieving sustainability. This model was selected as, methodologically, it fits well with the needs of this study and is increasingly widely cited (Çirak-Kurt, & Kalman, 2019;Gordon-Isasi, Narvaiza, & Gibaja, 2021;Hwang & Choi, 2019;Jooste, Cullen, & Calitz, 2020;Volkova, & Plakhotnik, 2021) and authors such as Manzoor, Ho, & Al Mahmud (2020) apply it in their research of the influence on students' citizenship behaviour in the context of HEIs.…”