“…In Saudi Arabia, there is a dynamic nexus between oil prices, the Saudi/US dollar exchange rate, inflation, and output growth rate [25]. In Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, and South Africa, global commodity prices, particularly oil and energy prices, cause inflationary pressures, conversely in Russia where they cause deflationary pressures [26]. Comparatively, in the Organization of Oil Exporting Countries (OPEC), the oil price-inflation nexus is stronger compared to oil-importing countries, and the relationship tends to change over short periods [27,26].…”