“…SSA is typically characterized by informality (Arefi, 2018;Evans et al, 2018;Johnson, 2019) with peculiar environmental contexts where different socioeconomic settings may display unique underlying geographic structures that may affect navigation. There are some notable OSM applications in SSA such as the community-oriented primary care in Tshwane, South Africa (Friesen et al, 2018); OSM-based data collation for examining spatial accessibility to healthcare facilities in Sasa, Nigeria (Yeboah et al, 2020); OSM for global health care accessibility index (Ihantamalala et al, 2020); and data integrity of OSM in Mozambique (Madubedube et al, 2021;Neis & Zipf, 2012). Additional specific applications for indoor navigation in SSA include OSM-based indoor navigation in Cape Town, South Africa (Sakpere, 2015;Sakpere & Adeyeye, 2013); and an approach based on a near field communication in Cape Town, South Africa (Sakpere et al, 2017).…”